高句麗 國內 都城의 구성요소와 수공업 생산체계

Components of the Koguryo "Guknae/國內" Capital City and the Handcraft Manufacturing System -Examination of Tile Production-

이 논문은 國內城期 도성 景觀의 구성요소와 기와 수공업 생산체계를 고찰한 것이다. 國內地域의 都城 경관은 3세기 중후반부터 본격적으로 형성되었는데, 국내성지의 건축물과 주변의 고분군을 양대 구성요소로 삼았다. 4세기 중반까지는 초대형 왕릉을 조성하는 방식으로 왕권의 위상을 과시하다가, 4세기 말경에 왕궁을 정점으로 하는 도성 경관의 형성이 일단락되었다. 기와 출토 양상을 분석한 결과 늦어도 3세기 전반에는 기와를 제작하여 고분 등에 사용한 것으로 확인되었다. 다만 3세기에 왕궁을 비롯한 건물에도 기와를 사용하였는지 정확히 파악하기는 어렵다. 4세기 이후에는 동일한 와당을 고분과 건물지에 동시에 사용한 양상이 확인된다. 또한 4세기에는 遠隔地의 瓦窯에서 기와를 생산하여 압록강 수로를 통해 도성에 공급하는 관영 수공업 체제가 정비된 사실도 확인하였다. 이때 지방통치조직이나 지배세력의 사령지를 통해 대규모 노무인력을 동원하는 한편, 군사조직을 통해 전문기술자 집단을 관리ㆍ감독한 것으로 파악된다. 또한 한 번에 대량으로 기와를 생산한 다음, 필요할 때 마다 사용한 것으로 추정된다. 이에 따라 複數의 공급체계 및 複數의 생산체계가 이루어지게 되었다.

Examined in this article are the general elements that composed the inside of the Koguryo capital city during the "Guknae-seong(國內城)" period, as well as the handcraft manufacturing system of the time. General landscape of the Guknae region-based Koguryo capital began to take shape in the middle and latter half periods of the 3rd century. At first there would have been only several structures as well as a group of royal mausoleums, the most probable two major components of the capital at the time. Then, from the mid-4th century royal mausoleums with extra sizes began to be constructed, in an effort to display the grandeur of the king and his magnificent authority. And at the end of the 4th century, with the royal palace at the center, the landscape of the capital was more or less complete. Examination of all the tiles excavated from this area reveals that at least in the early half of the 3rd century tiles would have been produced and used in constructing royal mausoleums. But it is not sure whether or not they were used in construction of structures and the palace as well at this time. After the 4th century, it is confirmed that the same type of 'Wadang' tiles were used both in mausoleums and structures. Also confirmed is the fact that tiles were produced in professional kilns located in remote areas, then transported via the Abrok-gang river, and regularly reached the capital. We can see that an official tile-manufacturing system was already in place in the 4th century. It seems that the Koguryo government was able to mobilize a large size of workforce through the local administrative system or the possession of ruling group, and also managed and regulated the technicians through the military organization. It also seems that a huge quantity of tiles were produced in a single occasion, and then were slowly used over a long period of time whenever certain needs arose. Tiles produced from a single professional kilns would serve as providers to several areas, and royal mausoleums and structures would use tiles produced from various kilns established throughout the area.