여성ㆍ가족 관련 법제의 실효성 제고를 위한 연구(Ⅱ)

Study on How to Strengthen the Effectiveness of Women and Family-related Legislations (II) -Legislative examples of other countries regarding who is responsible for registering a childbirth and regulations on stalking and their implications

I. 서론 1. 연구 목적 및 필요성 본 연구는 출생등록의무자 및 스토킹 규제와 관련된 외국의 입법례를 비교ㆍ분석하여 우리나라의 입법과제를 도출하는 것에 그 목적을 둔다. 출생등록제도는 국가의 인구 동태를 파악하고 의료서비스 등 정책의 기본 자료가 되는 것으로서 국가마다 각기 제도를 가지고 운영해오고 있다. 그러나 출생의 등록은 무엇보다도 그 자체로 아동의 인권과 복리에 직접적으로 관련되어 있는 중요한 문제이다. 더 나아가, 출생등록의 문제는 출생을 둘러싼 가족 및 혼인제도 내외에서 여성의 출산이라는 문제와 연결되어, 여러 가지 어려운 사회적 이슈와 과제를 우리에게 던져 주고 있다. 한편, 스토킹은 그 행위가 미치는 피해의 심각성이 알려지면서 비교적 근래에 주목된 현상이다. 고교시절부터 짝사랑한 교사를 수년간 스토킹하고 살해한 사건, 이웃집 여성을 스토킹 하여 살해한 사건 등이 보도되면서 스토킹이라는 범죄의 위험성에 대한 인식이 확산되고 있다. 이와 같은 상황에서 본 연구는 현행 출생신고체계의 개선을 위한 입법정책을 도출하기 위한 외국의 출생등록 관련 법제를 조사ㆍ분석하였다. 또한 스토킹 피해에 대한 처벌 수준과 피해자 보호조치 등이 매우 미약하여 이를 보완하기 위해 외국의 관련 입법례와 제기된 쟁점, 논의를 참조하여 스토킹 대응에 대한 쟁점을 검토하고 입법적 대응방안을 마련하였다.

Compared to other sectors, legislations on women and family-related issues have shown a quite faster development with various legislative measures achieved to enhance gender equality policies in Korea. Nevertheless, there is no significant change in the reality that women face every day. Moreover, the job insecurity and economic disparity of women are worsening and women live in a society where sexual violence and harassment are prevailing. Such disparity between the law and the reality, inversely, demonstrates why legislations and institutions are critical in improving the reality. Here comes the imperative to create appropriate structures enabling constant and systemic efforts to close the gap between the law and the reality. To this end, Korean Women's Development Institute has promoted researches with the aim of strengthening the effectiveness of women and family-related legislations by providing gender-sensitive support to the legislative activities in the National Assembly including developing relevant new bills and amendments for the ten years since 2013. With the aim of identifying legislative tasks in Korea by comparing and analyzing legislative examples of other countries, the study collected and examined diverse legislations and regulations on birth registration in other countries to improve the current system in Korea. Also acknowledging that the punishment level on stalking perpetrators and the protection for stalking victims are too weak in Korea, other countries' legislative examples and relevant issues and discussions were reviewed to improve Korea's responses and legal measures to stalking. Every country has a system of registering birth which is a basic document to figure out the population movements and establish and implement relevant medical polices. In principle, a baby's father or mother undertakes the obligation to register the birth in Korea. As a result, various child rights violations including the omission of registration, false registration, illegal or unlawful adoption, baby abandonment and trafficking become serious social problems, requiring the immediate improvement in birth registration system. The studycategorized other countries' legislative examples on who is responsible for birth registration into four types: first, a birth is notified to relevant authorities by medical institutions; second, both parents and medical institutions have the obligation to report a birth; third, a birth can be registered at medical institutions; and fourth, parents have a primary obligation to register birth. After comparing and analyzing each type's legal texts and characteristics, the study developed improvement plans of Korean system. Most countries reviewed, except China and Japan which have a similar system with Korea, have medical institutions primarily register birth. In other words, by imposing the first notification obligation to a medical institution where a baby is born, a birth is informed to relevant state authorities by medical institutions prior to the baby's parents' registration. Many countries including Australia, New Zealand, England, America and Canada adopted the system. These countries make hospitals or medical professions engaged in childbirth first inform the fact of birth to the government even when the ultimate responsibility to register birth lies upon the baby's parents. Such legislative examples are meaningful to Korea in guaranteeing the prompt registration of birth, relieving parents' burdens of visiting public office to register right after childbirth, providing parents with relatively plenty of time to register after first report by medical institutions, and reducing the possibility of non-registration, omission or false report. Another type is that the law on birth registration prescribes parents are responsible for registering birth in principle, but in practice, birth can be immediately registered at the hospital where a baby is born. France has public servants p