재난피해여성에 대한 복구 및 지원방안

Recovery and Support Plans for Women Affected by Disaster

Ⅰ. 서론 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 □ 재난은 모든 사람에게 동일한 피해를 입히는 것이 아니라 사회적으로 취약한 집단에게 피해를 입힐 가능성이 더 높으며, 특히 여성의 경우 재난에 대한 취약성(Vulnerability)은 높은 반면, 위험으로부터 벗어날 수 있는 위기대처능력은 떨어진다. □ 이와 같이 재난발생과 이후의 대처과정에서 발생할 수 있는 성별차이를 고려하여 UN에서는 성인지적 위험평가(Gender-Sensitive Risk Assessment)를 실시할 것을 권장하고 있다. □ 우리나라의 재난관리정책은 지금까지 젠더 중립적인 관점에서 시행되어왔고, 재난피해자에 대한 지원정책이나 자연재해나 안전사고로 인한 인명피해자에 대한 통계 역시 성별분리된 자료가 생산되고 있지 않은 실정이다. □ 이번 연구를 통해 향후 우리나라의 재난대비 및 관리정책에서 "젠더 관점(Gender Perspective)"을 도입할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 2. 연구내용 및 연구방법 □ 이 연구에서는 문헌연구를 진행함으로써 재난 발생시 여성의 생물학적ㆍ신체적, 물질적, 사회적, 조직적, 심리적 취약성에 대해서 분석하였다. 계속해서 사회안전에 대한 인식도(통계청, 사회조사)와 재난연감, 소방방재 통계연보(소방방재청)를 중심으로 재난관련 통계 현황을 살펴본 뒤, 재난관련 통계의 성인지적 개선 방안에 대해서 모색하였다. ○ Ⅲ장에서는 국가적 차원 및 유형별 재난관리체계에 대해 살펴보고, 재난예방 및 재난구호, 재난심리지원, 재난 응급 구호로 구분되는 재난 대응에 대해 알아본 뒤, 재난 복구 및 보상 단계에서의 성인지적 관점의 적용가능성에 대해 살펴보았다.

Though disaster affects every person, it is more likely that socially vulnerable groups are more exposed to its effects. Especially for women, while they are highly vulnerable to disasters, the'ir ability to cope with dangers is relatively low. In light of this and other disaster-related concerns, the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) was held in 2005. The Conference gathered 168 countries to discuss matters on disaster relief. Together, they drafted the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. The Framework clearly emphasizes that, "A gender perspective should be integrated into all disaster risk management policies, plans and decision-making processes." Additionally, the UNDP report also reveals that women and men have distinct vulnerabilities when facing disasters. Women tend to have less opportunities or abilities to escape from oncoming disaster, have less accessibility to disaster relief resources, and have insufficient access to information and early warnings. They also have less skills in moving to safe places during emergencies compared to their male counterparts. Moreover, women are relatively more vulnerable emotionally than men. They are more likely to suffer from emotional pains and trauma. However, disaster policies in Korea have been conducted thus far from a gender-neutral perspective. Also, statistics related to disaster support policies and disaster-caused casualties have not been gender-specific. Through this study, the researchers wish to present a measure so that a gender perspective can be introduced to Korea's disaster coping/management policies in the future. Based on the aforementioned shortcomings of Korea's disaster policies, this study first investigates different theories on gender-awareness of disaster and risk vulnerability. In particular, it takes a look at the following: microscopic perspective, the socio-political ecology perspective, feminist political ecology, feminist theory, and gender and developmentalism. In addition, the study examines the application of gender-sensitive standards in disaster risk assessment and post-disaster needs assessment. It also examines the definition of disaster vulnerable groups. Furthermore, the study inquires the vulnerabilities that women may experience during disasters in the following five areas: biological/physical, material, social, organizational, and psychological. Then, the study looks at present disaster-related statistics by focusing on social awareness levels on safety (National Statistical Office, social surveys), disaster almanacs, and national emergency statistical yearbooks (National Emergency Management). Afterwards, the study seeks measures to improve gender-awareness for disaster-related statistics. Chapter 3 takes a look at the Central Disaster Management Headquarters as a national management system of Korea; it also looks at different types of disaster management systems in Korea including the Central Accident Control Headquarters and numerous regional disaster management systems. Concerning current situations of disaster management in Korea, the study inquires into the following: disaster prevention, disaster relief, psychological support for disaster, and disaster response. Then, the study asserted the need for a gender perspective for disaster response. Additionally, the study examines the possibility of a gender perspective in the disaster recovery and compensation stages. Chapter 4 investigates major disaster-related legislation in Korea, along with associated shortcomings. First, the Act on Disaster and Safety Management is examined in its lack on the concept of "disaster vulnerable groups." Then, the study looks into the role and legal basis of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family in cooperating with disaster/safety related tasks with different government entities in the future. The study also inquires how a gender perspective can be reflected into disaster/safety planning and conducting of disaster pol