高麗 後期 天龍山城의 現況과 性格

A Study of Current Status and Characteristics of Cheonryong Fortress in Chungju

본고에서는 충주 천룡산성의 현황과 구조를 정리한 후 이를 바탕으로 축조배경과 구조적 특징을 살펴보았으며 나아가 문헌기록을 통해 천룡산성의 역사지리적 위치를 검토하였다. 천룡산성은 보련산(해발 764.2m)의 능선과 계곡부를 에워싼 包谷式 석축산성으로 평면은 남쪽의 甬道가 돌출된 역삼각형 모양이다. 둘레는 2,801m이다. 이 산성은 대몽항쟁기 몽골의 침입에 대비하여 내륙에 축성된 입보형 산성에 해당한다. 특히 1253년 김윤후의 충주산성 승첩 직전에 몽골군이 통과한 성곽으로 잘 알려져 있다. 입지는 고험처에 해당하며 내외협축 성벽에는 기둥홈 흔적이 남아있다. 시설물로는 치성, 용도, 망대지 등 주변지역의 감제와 방어를 위한 시설과 함께 주민들의 입보 농성에 필요한 집수지와 건물지도 확인된다. 천룡산성에 대해서는『高麗史』를 비롯한 각종 지지류 및 지도류에 기록되었으나, 보련산성 및 봉황성 등의 명칭과 혼용되어 사용되고 있다. 이는 남매축성설화가 구전되는 지근거리의 장미산성과 혼동되어 나타난 결과로 파악된다. 한편 천룡산성은 고종 40년(1253) 몽골군의 5차 침입시 충주산성 전투前 마지막으로 통과한 성곽으로 그 전략적 중요성을 가늠케 한다. 따라서 천룡산성은 대몽항쟁기 몽골군에 대항하기 위한 전형적인 ‘山城立保’형으로 축조되었는데 이는 충주지역의 북쪽 내륙교통로를 통제하는 전략적 요충지에 입지한 결과로 생각된다. 당시 천룡산성 防護別監 趙邦彦이 몽골군에게 투항하면서 쉽게 무너진 결과 충주산성이 큰 위협에 노출되는 결과를 초래하였다. 그만큼 천룡산성이 충주산성을 방어를 위한 최후 방어선이었던 점을 보여주는 사건으로 판단된다.

This study summarized the current status and structure of Cheonryong Fortress in Chungju. Based on the summary, it investigated the construction background and structural characteristics of the fortress. In addition, through the records in literatures, it reviewed the historical and geographical location of Cheonryong Fortress. Cheonryong Fortress is a stone fortress built along the ridge of Mt. Boryeon (at an altitude of 764.2m) surrounding the valleys. On the plane view, it seems like a triangle protruded to the south. The fortress is classified as a security fortress(Ipbo-type) built in an inland area prepared against the invasion of Mongolia in Goryo Dynasty. Especially, the fortress has been widely known as the fortress through which the Mongolian army passed just before the Kim Yoon-hoo’s victory in Chungju Fortress in 1253. It was located in high and stiff place and the wall has the traces of grooves in columns. As for the facilities in the fortress, there were facilities for domination and defense for surrounding areas and there were also sites for wells and buildings for the resistant residents who stayed there. There are records on the Cheonryong Fortress in various papers and maps including “History of Coryo” but it was recorded in the name of Boryeon Fortress or Bonghwang Castle, which were used in mix. It is assumed due to the mixed use of Jangmi Fortress nearby on which a fable has been passed on, regarding the construction of a fortress by siblings. Cheonryong Fortress had highly strategic importance as it was the last fortress through which the Mongolian army passed before the war in Chungju Fortress at the time of the 5th invasion of the Mongolian Army in the 40th year of King Gojong’s regime (1253). Therefore, Cheonryong Fortress was built as a typical “security fortress” to defend the fortress against the Mongolian Army. Due to the geological location of the fortress which was located in a strategic point that could control inland transportation to the north in Chungju Area. At that time, a defense official, Bang-eon Jo who surrendered too easily to Mongolian Army, which resulted that Chungju Fortress was disclosed to a big threat. This proved that Cheonryong Fortress was the final defense line against the Mongolian army.