百濟 橫穴式石室의 埋葬方式과 位階關係

Hierarchical relationship and Burial method of stone chamber tomb in Baekje

이 글에서는 백제 횡혈식석실의 매장방식과 위계관계를 시기별로 그 특징을 살펴보았다. 백제 횡혈식석실의 매장방식은 Ⅱ기부터 장식목관이 사용되었으며, Ⅲ기부터는 「들고 나르는 관」이 사용되었다. 매장인원수는 Ⅳ기부터 1인을 매장하는 경향이 강해지며, 현실 폭이 130㎝ 이하(FⅩ형식) 석실에서 주로 확인된다. 이는 매장의례의 관념과 절차가 변화되어 나타난 것이다. 장신구를 비롯한 부장품의 부장양상을 보면, Ⅲ기까지는 착장형 장신구, 중국자기에 의한 사여체제가 이루어지다가 Ⅳ기부터는 은화관식과 관모틀에 의한 16관등제와 의관제도가 성립되어 지방으로 확산된다. 위계관계는 석실(형식ㆍ규모), 장식목관, 장신구, 중국자기, 장식대도, 금속품의 조합으로 결정되며, 시기별로 5단계로 나누어진다. 한편, 능산리형석실의 규모에 의한 위계는 3단계로 나누어지고 석실은 위계가 높아질수록 규모가 커진다. 또한 능산리형석실 규모가 대형, 정형화, 가공판석 사용, 부여에 가까울수록 화려한 Ⅲ형식의 은화관식이 출토되며, 피장자의 위계는 높다고 판단된다. 이렇듯 백제 횡혈식석실의 매장방식과 장신구의 부장양상 등으로 본 획기는 Ⅳ기로, 이 시기의 변화는 백제가 사비로 천도한 후에 오방제의 실시와 율령체제에 의해 규범화(관등제 및 의관제 등)된 상황 속에서 나타난다.

This study looked into period characteristics about the burial method and hierarchical relationship of stone chamber tomb in Baekje. About the burial method of stone chamber tomb, the ornament wooden coffin was used from Ⅱ period, and 「carrying style coffin」 was used from Ⅲ period. About the number of person to bury, one person was mainly buried from Ⅳ period and it is usually discovered in a burial chamber which is below 130cm wide(FX type). This showed that the notion and process of burial ceremonies were changed. To study burial aspects about burial goods including ornaments, the giving system by attached style ornaments and Chinese porcelains was conducted until Ⅳ period and 16 official rank and attire system by silver diadem ornament and official hat frame were established from Ⅳ period and it spread to the local area. Hierarchical relationships were decided by combinations of stone chambers (form and scale), ornament wooden coffins, Chinese porcelains, decorative swords, and metal products and these were divided into 5 levels by time period. On the other hand, the hierarchy by the scale of the stone chamber tomb of Neungsanri(陵山里) type was divided into 3 levels and the scale of stone chamber tomb became bigger if the hierarchy became higher. And the stone chamber tomb of Neungsanri type were large scales, standardized, using processed flagstone, the more glittering and Ⅲ-typed silver diadem ornaments were excavated and it means the buried had a high hierarchy. In this way, by studying the burial method of stone chamber tomb in Baekje and burial aspects of ornaments, a remarkable period was Ⅳ period and changes of this period appeared in conditions of five-bang system enforcement and the standardization by law systems (official rank and attire system) after Baekje transferred the capital to Sabi.