중국 북방 지구 商나라 말기~西周전기 "夷式簋"의 전파와 족군 변동

Transmission of Yi-style Gui-pot in Late Shang & Early Zhou and its Relation with People's Moving

"夷式簋"는 상나라 말기~서주 전기 商式簋ㆍ周式簋와 형식적 계보를 달리하면서 黃河 유역에 공존하고 있던특징적인 토기이다. 夷式簋는魯겗지구에서가장먼저 출현하였는데, 그계보는魯겗지구의岳石文化로까지거슬러 올라간다. 魯겗지구의夷式簋는주로商나라말기의고분에서 출토되는데, 商式簋와같은고분군에공존하고 있으면서도 단일 고분에는 결코 동반되지 않는다. 이러한 점을 고려할 때, 夷式簋는 商나라 때 夷人족군을 상징하는 표지물이었던 것으로 여겨진다. 夷式簋는 魯北 지구를 빼면 商나라 말기의 도성이었던 安陽 殷墟에서도 확인되는데, 이러한 발견 정황은 商나라와 夷族이 서로 상호 작용을 하였던 것과 관련이 있다. 安陽 殷墟 일대의 夷式簋는 고분 외에 폐기구덩이와 문화층에서도 출토되는데, 이러한 출토 정황은 원래 夷式簋가 제작되던 지역을 벗어난 곳에서도 계속적으로 제작되었다는 점과 함께 사용상의 일정한 변화 또한 발생하였음을 시사한다. 夷式簋는商나라말기~西周전ㆍ중기陝西省의周原과甘肅省의 河西走廊일대까지 확산되었는데, 이는 商나라 말기 秦人의 서쪽으로의 이주와 周나라가 商나라를 멸망시킨 이후 일부 東夷族이 周나라지배집단에딸려 서쪽으로 이주된 것과 연관이 있다.

So-called Yi-style Gui-pot was a kind of pottery that distributed in the Yellow River valley in the period of late Shang to early Zhou dynasty, which existed with other two different style Gui-pots, Shang-style and Zhou-style Gui-pots at the same time. Yi-style Gui pot origin from northern Shandong province, and its earliest type could be traced back to the Yueshi Culture (Late Xia Dynasty to Early Shang). Yi-style Gui-pot in northern Shandong only excavated from burials. They existed with Shang-style Gui-pot in the same graveyard, but never together in the same burial. So Yi-style Gui-pot should have been treated as social identity goods. Another site where Yi-style Gui-pots existed is Yinxu in Anyang, the capital of late Shang period. Literature and oracle bone inscription reveal the relationship between Shang royal court and East-Yi people was quite close. Yi-style Gui-pots excavated from Yinxu site should be reflection of the relationship. However, although most Yi-style Gui-pots were existed in burials, several cases found in ash pits and cultural layers unexpectedly, which indicates that their functions had changed to a certain extent after Yi-style Gui-pots left their country of origin. Yi-style Gui-pot of late Shang and early-middle Zhou were also found in Zhouyuan site in Shaaxi, and even west to Gansu province. I believe they were remains of East-Yi people including Qin people and other groups, which were recorded in ancient documents.