슬라브어 공지시적 보어의 생략

Ellipsis of Co-Referential Complements in Slavic Languages: Russian, Polish, Czech and Bulgarian

본 연구는 러시아어, 폴란드어, 체코어, 불가리아어 공지시적 보어의 생략을 비교 분석한다. 슬라브어 공지시적 보어의 생략을 결정하는 것은 접속사와 접속문의 종류, 선행사와 공지시적 보어의 격일치 여부, 선행사의 대명사 여부, 명령법 여부, 실제와 문법범주의 일치 여부, 화제의 변화와 대조 여부, 양상술어나 보조술어의 존재 유무, 분석어 및 종합어적 특징 등이며, 이들 조건들은 각 슬라브어에서 상이하게 작용한다. 분석된 슬라브어 중에서는 종합어적 성격이 강한 러시아어의 공지시적 보어 생략이 가장 활발하고, 그 다음이 폴란드어, 그 다음이 체코어이며, 분석어적 경향이 가장 강한 불가리아어는 공지시적 보어의 생략이 가장 제한적으로 발견된다.

This article investigates factors and conditions that can lead to the ellipsis of co-referential complements in four slavic languages, such as Russian, Polish, Czech and Bulgarian. Slavic co-referential complements can be empty, (1) if they are in the coordinate clause, (2) if both the antecedent and the following co-referential complement have the same grammatical case, (3) if the antecedent is a pronoun that already has co-referentiality and givenness, (4) if it is imperative mood that is closely related to the presence of the addressee and the object of commands or requests on the spot, (5) if the grammatical gender of the antecedent is inconsistent with its biological sex, (6) if the topic remains consistent across clauses or sentences and (7) if there is a modal or auxiliary predicate in the sentence. Four Slavic languages differ in the ellipsis of co-referential complements. One can encounter with the absence of co-referential complements in Russian more frequently than in the other three Slavic languages. Polish also often allows the ellipsis of co-referential complements, but sometimes only the presence of co-referential pronoun is considered to be grammatical in Polish sentences when corresponding Russian sentences allow an empty complement. In Czech, the ellipsis of co-referentail complement is sometimes possible, though sentences without complement usually are considered to be ungrammatical or unnatural. The ellipsis of complements is very restricted in Bulgarian, one of the most analytic slavic languages. Bulgarian sentences without complement mostly are unpreferable and unacceptable and they are allowed only in some exceptional cases. Thus more analytic Slavic languages, such as Czech and Bulgarian tend to disallow the ellipsis of co-referential complements, whereas more synthetic Slavic languages, such as Polish and Russian tend to allow it.