헝가리의 체제전환시기까지 한국과 헝가리의 교류에 관한 연구

Political Transition, Hungary, South and North Korea: based on the National Archival Sources

한국과 헝가리는 1989년 2월 1일, 양국의 수도에 각 국가의 대사관을 설치함으로써 지난한 수교의 과정을 매듭지었다. 양국의 외교 관계 수립에 대해서는 지금까지 주로 경제적인 측면에서, 동유럽 시장에 대한 한국의 접근이라는 관점에서 서술이 되거나, 양국 수교 당시 한국의 대통령이었던 노태우가 1988년 7월 7일에 발표한 소위 '7.7선언'에 담긴 대 사회주의권 정책(북방정책) 선언에 따른 결과, 혹은 1988년, 서울에서 열린 제24회 하계 올림픽을 개최하는 과정에서 이루어진 실무자들의 접촉 과정에서 출발한 양국 관계의 맹아가 국교수립이라는 공식적인 외교관계의 설립으로까지 이어진 것으로 기술되고 있다. 하지만 그 수교의 의의와 과정 등에 대한 본격적인 연구는 아직 미비하다고 할 수 있는데, 헝가리어로 된 헝가리 측 자료에 대한 접근과 해제에 많은 제약이 있음이 가장 큰 문제 중 하나라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 본고에서는 기본 자료라고 할 수 있는 한국과 헝가리의 외교문서들을 통하여 양국의 수교 과정에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.

The Korean Peninsula came to be divided into two different Koreas that had their own regime and ideology after the end of the Second World War. Similarly, Hungary had a socialist regime through the intervention of the Soviet Union. Hungary signed a treaty of amity with North Korea in 1948, because they shared the same ideology. As for the archive, the treaty meant that both countries began to communicate regularly and periodically exchange official documents, and these documents would be kept in the archive. These documents were kept and managed in one corner of the archive. However, South Korea prohibited communications with socialist states because of the Korean War and the Cold War, so it was impossible to access the documents in the archive at that time. But the ex-socialist states experienced political transition, and as the countries changed, the public demand, on political grounds, for documents of the past regime became quite profound. Accordingly, the archive made it possible to examine a large number of documents as a proper follow-up measure, in accordance with Hungarian domestic laws concerning the storage and management of the documents. Because the confidential documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary amount to more than 50,000 pages and a considerable amount of the documents are so voluminous that I can hardly afford to collect and research them. On examining various documents, I have become greatly interested in the process leading to the signing of the treaty of amity between Korea and Hungary. One of the reasons I consider this theme is that no other materials can give a fuller explanation than the materials kept at the Hungarian National Archives. As I demonstrated in this paper, many countries, including the United States, the ex-USSR, China, Japan, needless to say North Korea, and others, were also involved in establishing the diplomatic relationship between Hungary and South Korea. Although I could not address it in this paper, another aspect of this theme is that the establishment of the diplomatic relationship between Hungary and South Korea almost coincided with the political transition in Eastern European countries. In the case of political transition in ex-socialist states, Hungary was the prelude to the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. In this paper, I introduce the Hungarian National Archive and the documents related to South and North Korea in brief. The main section focuses on the diplomatic relationship between Hungary and South Korea. With some documents, I tried to introduce rather than analyze.