西北韓地方 塼築墳의 展開過程

The development-process of the bricks chamber tombs in north- western province of Korea

西北韓地方에는 漢四郡이 설치되면서 古朝鮮文化와는 이질적인 漢文化가 자리하게 되었고, 塼築墳 역시 樂浪郡이나 帶方郡과 관련되어 축조된 묘제로 한반도의 橫穴式 墓制에 커다란 영향을 주었다. 서북한지방의 전축분은 平安道地域과 黃海道地域으로 나누어 크게 平天井 塼築墳과 穹窿天井 塼築墳으로 분류되고, 평천정 전축분은 木材天井 塼築墳과 板石大井 塼築墳으로, 궁륭천정 전축분은 單室墓와 二室墓로 나눠지며, 단실묘와 이실묘는 側室 數 등에 따라 세분된다. 서북한지방의 전축분은 天井과 墓室의 形態, 塼 文樣 등 구성요소의 변화와 紀年銘塼에 의해 크게 3단계로 편년되었다. I 단계는 漢鏡과 紀年銘塼으로 보아 2세기 중엽~후엽으로 추정되었다. 이 단계에는 천정에 판석을 사용한 평천정 전축분을 제외한 모든 형식의 전축분이 목곽분과 목곽 외부만을 塼을 사용한 무덤과 함께 축조되었다. 이것은 당시 평안도 지역을 중심으로 자리 잡고 있던 樂浪郡이 遼寧地域의 塼築墳을수용하면서 발생한 현상으로 판단된다. II 단계는 기년명전으로 보아 3세기 전엽~중엽으로 추정되었다. 이 단계에 축조된 長方形 單室墓와 呂字形 二室墓가 황해도지역과 평안도지역 사이에 형태적인 면이나 구조적인 면에서 차이를 찾아볼 수 없는 것은 이미 낙랑군과 관련하여 축조되었던 전축분이 지속적으로 사용되었음을 보여주는 것이었다. 한편 천정에 판석을 사용한 평천정 전축분은 황해도지역에서 평안도지역보다 먼저 축조되어 3세기 帶方郡의 설치와 관련되면서 축조되기 시작한 형식이었고, 그 대표적인 예가 봉황리 1호분이었다고 추정된다. 그러나 側室附 長方形 單室墓는 대방군과 관련되어 새롭게 등장한 형식이라기보다는 기존의 장방형 단실묘의 墓室에 측실부 방형 단실묘의 側室이 결합되어 출현한 것으로 판단된다. III 단계는 기년명전으로 보아 3세기 후엽~4세기 전반경으로 추정되며, 판석을 사용한 平天井 塼築墳, 長方形 單室墓, 側室附 呂字形 二室墓로 통일되는 양상을 보이는데, 이들 형식은 각각 고구려 석실분과 관련성이 깊다고 판단된다. 전축분의 축조가 급격히 줄어드는 시기로 낙랑군과 대방군의 쇠퇴와 무관하지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 이렇듯 서북한지방 전죽분의 전개과정은 대방군의 설치, 낙랑군과 대방군의 쇠퇴라는 역사적 사실과 궤를 같이하는 고고학적 자료였다.

When Hansa-gun was established in north-western province of Korea, Han culture different from the culture of Old Choseon Dynasty settled down and also the bricks chamber tombs was the tomb-system which was constructed related to Lelang-gun or Daebang-gun and it gave a great effect to the tomb-system of the stone chamber tombs with entrance in Korean Peninsula. The bricks chamber tombs in north-western province of Korea distributed in the region of Pyeongan-do and Hwanghae-do, can be largely divided into the two groups, the flat ceiling-bricks chamber tombs and the vaulted ceiling-bricks chamber tombs. And again the flat ceiling bricks chamber tombs are classified into the two types, the wooden ceiling bricks chamber tombs and the slab stone ceiling bricks chamber tombs. The vaulted bricks chamber tombs are also classified into the two types, the dansil-tomb(單室墓), tomb with one chamber, and the isil-tomb(二室墓), tomb with two chambers. The dansil-tomb and the isil-tomb were classified according to the number of side chamber. The bricks chamber tombs m north-western province of Korea was recorded chronologically three steps according to the changing of component such as ceiling, chamber's shape and patterns of bricks or the brick with inscription showing the age. The step I was presumed from the mid-2nd century to the latter, according to the Chinese bronze mirror and the brick with inscription where the age is recorded. At this step, all kinds of bricks chamber tombs were constructed together with the wooden chamber tombs and the wooden chamber tombs whose external side were only made with bricks, excluding the flat ceiling -bricks chamber tombs using the flag stone to the ceiling. It can be guessed to be the result that Lelang-gun settling down in Pyeongan-do at that time received the bricks chamber tombs from the region of Y onyeong. The stepII was presumed from the first 3rd to mid 3rd century, according to the brick with inscription where the age is recorded. In the rectangular plane of dansil-tomb and the '呂' style of isil-tomb (呂字形 二室墓) constructed at that time, we can find no difference in shape and structures between Pyeongan-do and Hwanghae-do. It shows that bricks chamber tombs, already constructed related to Lelang-gun, were continuously used. And the flat ceiling-bricks chamber tombs were first constructed m Hwanghae-do not in the Pyeongan-do. It was the type that began to be constructed related to the establishment of Daebang-gun. Its representative example was presumed to be the 1st Bonghwang-ri tomb. But the rectangular plane of dansil-tomb put on the side chamber(側室附 長方形 單室墓) is judged to appear as a result of joining the side chamber of the square plane of dansil-tomb put on the side chamber(側室附 方形 單室墓) to the chamber of existing the rectangular style of dansil-tomb put on the side chamber, not a newly entering style, in connection with Daebang-gun. The stepIII was presumed to be late-3rd century to first 4th century, according to the brick with inscription where the age is recorded. It shows the aspects of unifying to the style of the flat ceiling-bricks chamber tombs using the flag stone, the rectangular plane of dansil-tomb, '呂' style of isil-tomb put on the side chamber, and these styles are judged to have a deep relation to the stone chamber tombs with entrance of Gogureo. At that time, the construction of bricks chamber tombs rapidly deceased. The the truth shows that it had a relation to the decline of Lelang-gun and Daebang-gun. Like this, the development-process of bricks chamber tombs in north-western province of Korea was archeological specimens having the same way of doing with the historical truth, the decline of Lelang-gun and Daebang-gun.