Письмо-декларация в контексте жанра «письма властителю» (на материале русской литературы XIX - XX веков)

This work is thematic continuation of our research of addresses of the Russian writers conducted by us in authorities and in power structures with letters. Thesis locates that similar texts - letters of representatives of Russian intelligentsia, in particular writers, in power - are form of special epistolary genre possessing following distinctive features: 1. intensity caused by hierarchy of relations of sender and addressee after all letters went not simply to higher official, but person possessing Supreme power; 2. subject «height» corresponds to «height» of addressee: there are in letters such conversation on the major philosophical, political, ideological, creative problems; 3. often «letters to master» are thought of their authors as opened, intended not only to the addressee, but also wide range of readers contemporaries and even to future fellow citizens; 4. language and style corresponds to subject: philosophical and political lexicon is quite often used in texts; accuracy of expressions, figurativeness, known laconicism is inherent in them. For designation of a genre of the letter to princes, tsars and the high-ranking imperial dignitaries we use the term «letter to tsar», for designation of a genre of the letter to secretaries general and the high-ranking Soviet officials we use the term «letter to chief». In our opinion, the phenomena designated by us are invariants of a uniform genre «letters to master». We allocated the following kinds of the analyzed genre: letter-invective; letter-declaration; letter-lampoon; letter-denunciation; letter complaint/request/ justification; letter-dithyramb/gratitude/creative report. The type of letters which we conditionally called the letter-declaration, contains in rather developed type of an explanation of positions of author on the major world outlook and (or) creative questions (usually it is the answer to the opponent, a response on criticism etc.), declares its political or literary credo, is for the author as if the program document. Quite often such letters contain also criticism of positions of the opponent or are intended to reject a slander, to draw attention to destiny of the sender. We analysed letters by F. I. Tyutchev, A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky, F. M. Dostoyevsky, L. N. Tolstoy to Nicholas I, Alexander II, the Empress Maria Alekseevna, A. A. Suvorov, hereditary Crown Prince Alexander Aleksandrovich, Alexander III, Nicholas II, P. A. Stolypin; by A. A. Bogdanov, M. A. Bulgakov to A. V. Lunacharsky, N. I. Bukharin, F. E. Dzerzhinsky, E.Yaroslavsky, I. V. Stalin; by S.P.Zlobin, A.I.Solzhenitsyn, G. N. Vladimov to N. S. Khrushchev, IV All-Union congress of the union of writers, Member of USSR Union of Writers, Secretariat of JV RSFSR, Letter to chiefs of the Soviet Union, Yu.V.Andropov. According to our estimation, 17 letters declarations by 5 authors within «letters to tsar», 13 letters 5 authors within «letters to chief» were created (2 authors with 5 texts belong to the first half of the century, 3 authors with 8 texts belong to the second half). The number of the authors addressing to masters with declarations in the XIX century and in the XX century is identical, the number of letters in the XIX century exceeds number of letters in a century of XX. Attracts attention that in the first half of the XX century number of the letters declarations and authors creating them below, than in XIX century and in the second half of XX century. It is thought, it can be explained to that opportunity to talk to the authorities during a Stalin era in a similar key was minimum for all history of the Russian literature of the XIX - XX centuries. As prospect of further development of the declared subject it is possible to call not only more detailed analysis of the texts considered in this article, but also the detailed description of other genre subvarieties listed