수양치료의 관점으로 본 퇴계심학

T’oegye Learning of the Mind-and-Heart viewed by Perspective of Self-Cultivation Therapy: In Searching for Weak Point of Modern Education

동양에서 유가의 고유한 수양 패러다임은 주자에 의해 敬의 철학으로 집대성되었고, 퇴계는 다시 이를 심학의 지평으로 확장시켜 聖學이라는 철학적 건축물을 완성했다. 수양은 철학적으로 보면 자발적으로 벌이는 존재의 존재론적인 돌봄으로 이러한 과정을 주재하는 敬은 심학을 실천하는 행위이자 프로그램이다. 이처럼 敬을 기반으로 하는 수양인 퇴계심학은 도 심이 인심으로 미끄러지지 않도록 하며 인간의 존재론적인 지위를 聖人의 반열에 끌어올리려는 기획이었다. 퇴계심학은 인간이 敬을 통하여 스스로 자신의 인욕을 치료할 수 있다는 점에서 현대의 치료 개념과 만나며, 수양이 결락된 현대교육에 수양치료라는 또 다른 교육적 길을 낸다. 이제 남은 일은 이를 어떻게 교육적으로 확장시켜 교육의 담론장을 풍성하게 할 것인가 에 달려 있다.

Unlike the West, there is a tradition of Self-Cultivation in the East. This is due to a cultural difference, only. In Confucian community, Self-Cultivation has a long history, dating back to Confucius and Mencius. Xiū of Confucius combined with Yăng of Mencius to create a single paradigm called Confucian Self-Cultivation. The tradition being passed down through generations, Chu Hsi builded the tradition in the philosophy of Mindfulness. Then, T’oegye completed the philosophical structure called Sage Learning, broadening its horizons with Learning of the Mind-and-Heart. According to the modern view, however, Confucian Self-Cultivation can be considered to have played a great role in curing human minds with Mindfulness and placing the ontological status of human beings in the ranks of Sage. In this way, when Confucian Self-Cultivation meets therapy from the West and becomes Self-Cultivation Therapy, it will enrich the meaningful network. In Neo-Confucian Learning of the Mind-and-Heart, the key propositions of theory of Self-Cultivation are as follows: First, humans manage and control human desire of Human Mind, which all humans have, through Mindfulness. Second, humans maintain and preserve principles of Human Nature, which all humans have, through Mindfulness. In case of interpreting these propositions in the view of the Greek therapeia from the West, they would be called Self-Cultivation Therapy. Humans cure their human desire through Self-Cultivation, and Mindfulness plays a role to serve the human mind free of charge in the process. In light of this view, in the philosophical way, Self-Cultivation is ontological care/attendance to exist through Mindfulness. This naturally happens to elevate the Human Mind. This process is a act and a program to practice Learning of the Mind-and-Heart. T’oegye Learning of the Mind-and-Heart through Mindfulness, in the modern view, is a potential field of educational discourse which can break new ground, called Self-Cultivation Therapy. To moderns, who live in this society without Mindfulness, T’oegye Learning of the Mind-and-Heart offers the crucial opportunity to meet with Mind of the Tao, which remains vague in Human Mind.