論淸代中朝文士筆談的主要特徵

Research on Major Characteristics of Written Discussions among Chinese and Korean Scholars in Qing Dynasty

Comparatively detailed written discussions among Chinese and Korean scholars that are remained are at least 647 essays, up to eight hundred thousand words. The major characteristics are shown as below: In the term of characters: Korean scholars who participated in writing discussions mainly consist of three Korean diplomatic envoys and the offspring of military officers. The characteristics of the Scholars in Qing Dynasty are: Firstly, with the difference of time period, the major identity characteristics of the figure who participating in writing discussions present distinctive changes. The pattern is as follows: The majority of scholars who participated in writing discussions in Qing Dynasty are intelligent in lower class before the middle of 18th century. Between the mid-18th century and the mid-19th century, the majority became scholars in the imperial court, metropolitan graduates and provincial graduates. During the middle and late 19th century, most of the scholars who participate in the written discussion are the assistants in the imperial court, government officials from six central departments and Tianjin Machinery Bureau. Secondly, most of the scholars who participate in the written discussion are Han people. The minority of them are Manchu, Mongolian people and Qing people. Lastly, the Qing people who had contacts with Korean scholars are several constant groups and individuals. Some of them are the bachelors in the imperial academy. Some are the former subordinates of Sangui Wu, such as Chaorui Guo, the father Huan Guo and his son, Shengqi Tian, Benyu Lin and etc. Some are the Qing scholars who are famous in the ancient Korean academy, such as Tingyun Pan, Yun Ji. Some of them are intended and dedicated in communicating with Koreans such as Peilian Qi. In terms of location: the major areas of the written discussions happened in the northern part. According to the division of province and district, mostly happened in Beijing, Fanyang, Shanhaiguan, Yongping fu, fenrun county and Yutian county. It can be seen from the detailed locations: commonly the places of discussions were the mansions of Qing scholars and Korean diplomatic envoys. Also, the main places were Beijing Liu Li Chang, which means “glazed tile factory.” and Imperial Academy. Few written discussion was recorded in the southern province in Qing Dynasty. In the term of content: the contents of written discussions among Chinese and Korean scholars are very multiple, also with some certain regularity: general contents are abundant and systematical. With the transferring of time, the contents of written discussions indicated a periodical characteristic, influenced by social development and whether Chinese scholars had profound communications with Korean scholars. The contents are closely related to the academic features of the scholars; the topics also have a close relationship with the hometown and ancestors of the Qing scholars. The content of the written discussion is usually authentic. In the term of format and language: the sentences are usually brief and concise. Generally speaking, the written discussions adapt to the question-answer pattern. Both questions and answers are very direct and condense, no more than 50 words and commonly only severs or around 10 words. But when it refers to political topics, Chinese and Korean scholars were afraid of literacy inquisition. Their Language is more twists and turns, and sometimes even very obscure.