발전과 양호한 거버넌스(good governance)

A Study on Governance and Development

This paper is to explore several important issues in the process of aggregate development process. The concept of aggregate development covers the more comprehensive concept than those of economic and social development. In other words, development means the progress or process of all the sectoral society such as economy, society, politics, science, culture and technology. Ultimately, it is to make better world over time. In the recent, sustainable human development was appeared in line with the holistic view of development. Sustainable human development means the process of meeting the present human needs without endangering the opportunities of the future generation. Hence, it has the nature of political, economic, social, and environmental dimensions. While economic development is concerned with the material-oriented welfare, sustainable human development is concerned with human-oriented(or human-centered) welfare. The role of governance in connection with development is widely and increasingly recognized in international development cooperation arena. Governance means the aggregate structure relevant to the allocation and management of economic and social resources, and is to achieve the goalssuch as socio-economic development, social order and peace, political freedom and participation. The actors of governance are state, private sector and civil society. The characteristics of governance are participation, accountability, transparency, rule of law, responsiveness, consensus orientation, equity, and effectiveness and efficiency. When these elements are successfully established, we will be able to achieve good governance, through which sustainable development can be attained. Good governance can provide us with political, economic, social and environmental benefits. This paper also attempts to explore the relationship between governance and development through the analysis of comparative study by using World Bank s country-specific governance indicators (i.e. U.K, Korea, Botswana, China, India, Columbia, Uzbekistan and Zimbabwe). There has been no generally agreed view on the relationship between governance and economic development. However, there is some supporting evidence that there is a close linkage between governance and economic development from the cross-section analysis of many countries. For instance, the empirical evidence shows that Eastern European countries pursued market economy and democracy, so they achieved successful development. (i.e. the cases of Poland, Hungary and Czeco Republic in Eastern Europe. However, China adopted the socialist market economic development scheme under authoritarian government (gradual approach), so that China achieved rapid economic development without expanding political freedom of the people. On the other hand, Russia experienced social order and economic collapse by adoption of Big Bang approach, because she used open-door policy with excessive political freedom and without institution building. In contrast to China, India has experienced sustainable development under democratic regime. On governance and development, there are two theories; growth-enhancing governance and market-enhancing governance. In 1960s and 1970s, growth-enhancing governance was prevailed while marketenhancing governance was popular after the 1980s. There have been disagreed views on economic development of developing countries. In order to promote development, the reforms of both administrative /judiciary governance and economic governance (institution building and capacity development) are essentially required, and they eventually can contribute to enhancing political and socio-economic development, if successful. It is concluded that development can not be attained without reforms of governance.