Objectives: Biomarkers in urine are important in assessing exposures to environmental or occupational chemicals and for evaluateing renal function by exposure from these chemicals. Spot urine samples are needed to adjust the concentration of these biomarkers for variations in urine dilution. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of adjusting the urinary concentration of cadmium (uCd) and arsenic (uAs) by specific gravity (SG) and urine creatinine (uCr). Methods: We measured the concentrations of blood cadmium (bCd), uCd, uAs, uCr, SG and N-acetyl-β-Dglucosaminidase (NAG) activity, which is a sensitive marker of tubular damage by low dose Cd exposure, in spot urine samples collected from 536 individuals. The value of uCd, uAs and NAG were adjusted by SG and uCr. Results: The uCr levels were affected by gender (p < 0.01) and muscle mass (p < 0.01), while SG levels were affected by gender (p < 0.05). Unadjusted uCd and uAs were correlated with SG (uCd: r = 0.365, p < 0.01; uAs: r = 0.488, p < 0.01), uCr (uCd: r = 0.399, p < 0.01; uAs: r = 0.484, p < 0.01). uCd and uAs adjusted by SG were still correlated with SG (uCd: r = 0.360, p < 0.01, uAs: r = 0.483, p < 0.01). uCd and uAs adjusted by uCr and modified uCr (MCr) led to a significant negative correlation with uCr (uCd: r = −0.367, p < 0.01; uAs: r = −0.319, p < 0.01) and MCr (uCd: r = −0.292, p < 0.01; uAs: r = −0.206, p < 0.01). However, uCd and uAs adjusted by conventional SG (CSG) were disappeared from these urinary dilution effects (uCd: r = −0.081; uAs: r = 0.077). Conclusions: CSG adjustment appears to be more appropriate for variations in cadmium and arsenic in spot urine.
I. 서 론
II. 연구 방법
III. 연구 결과
IV. 고 찰
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