화성행궁(華城行宮) 주요 건물의 배치와 기능

Arrangement and Functions of Important Buildings of Hwaseong Haenggung Palace

본고는 조선시대 최대 규모의 지방 궁궐인 화성행궁의 주요 건물 배치와 실제적 기능에 대하여 살펴본 것이다. 화성행궁은 원행 기간 중 임금의 임시 거처로 궁궐의 역할을 하였고, 평소에는 부사나 유수가 집무를 맡아보던 관아로 기능하였다. 행궁의 주요 건물과 주변 공간들은 세 구역으로 구분하였다. 첫째, 행궁의 정전인 봉수당은 을묘년 혜경궁의 회갑연이 성대하게 치러졌던 공간으로 평소에는 수원부의 동헌으로 기능하였다. 유수의 거처였던 유여택은 원행 때 임금의 임시 처소로 사용되었고, 회갑연에 맞추어 새롭게 지어진 장락당은 혜경궁의 침전으로 사용되었다. 장락당 정면에는 2층 누각의 경룡관이 대문구실을 하였으며 행궁의 안쪽 깊숙한 곳에는 내당인 복내당이 만들어져 원행시 임금의 처소로 이용되었다. 둘째, 이동식 담장이 설치된 독특한 구조의 낙남헌에서는 회갑연을 축하하기 위한 성대한 양로연과 화성 낙성연, 문무과 별시, 호궤의식 등이 펼쳐졌다. 낙남헌의 넓은 앞마당은 지배층과 피지배층이 하나가 되는 화합과 소통의 공간으로 이용되면서 상하동락이 실천된 역사적 공간으로서 큰 상징성을 가지게 되었다. 낙남헌의 앞마당과 이어지는 득중정은 활쏘기뿐만 아니라 불꽃놀이의 무대가 되었으며, 미로한정은 화성행궁이 정조의 갑자년 구상에 따라 건설되었음을 확인해주었다. 셋째, 행궁의 정문인 신풍루에서는 혜경궁의 회갑을 기념하여 화성부 및 인근지역의 사민과 기민들에게 진휼행사가 베풀어졌을 뿐 아니라 후대 임금들에 의해 진휼행사가 이어졌고, 봄마다 향음주례가 계속된 공간이었다. 외정리소에서는 잦은 원행과 관련한 업무를 담당하였고, 행궁의 잡다한 업무를 담당하였던 비장청·서리청·집사청도 각각의 기능을 담당하고 있었다. 화성행궁의 주요 건물들은 정조의 갑자년 구상에 따라 고유한 기능을 가진 것으로 설계되어 배치되었고, 정조대부터 그 이후 국왕의 행차시는 물론 평소 화성부 관아로서의 기능도 담당하였다는 것이 확인되었다.

This article examines the arrangement and actual functions of important buildings of Hwaseong Haenggung Palace, the largest detached palace in the Joseon Dynasty. Hwaseong Haenggung Palace, the king s temporary residence during his long stays in the area, functioned as a detached palace, and as office buildings where Busa or Yusu (*titles of local official in Joseon) performed their duties in ordinary times. Haenggung Palace s main buildings and surrounding spaces were divided into three zones. First, Bongsudang hall, the royal audience hall of Haenggung Palace, was the place in which Lady Hyegyeong s grand, 60th birthday ceremony was held and which functioned as Suwon-Bu s government office in ordinary times. Yuyeotaek, the official residence of Yusu, was used as temporary residence of the king during his stays, and the Jangnakdang building, newly constructed for Lady Hyegyeong s 60th birthday ceremony in the year of Eulmyo, was used as her bed chamber. In front of the Jangnakdang building, a two-story building, the Gyeongnyonggwan annex, functioned as a gate. And, deep inside the Haenggung Palace, the Bongnaedang building, the main quarters, was built as the king s residence during his long stays. Second, at the Nangnamheon building, a distinct structure with movable walls, were held grand parties to celebrate 60th birthdays for the elderly, the party to celebrate the construction of Hwaseong Palace, special national exams to select court officials and military officers, and Ho-gwe ceremony (treating soldiers with food and drinks). The big front yard of the Nangnamheon building was used as a place for unity and communication where the ruling class and the common people become one, gaining major symbolic power as a historic space where Sanghadongnak (*a phrase meaning that the king and his subjects shall be happy together ) was performed. Deukjungjeong pavilion, connecting with the front yard of Nangnamheon building, was a stage for fireworks as well as archery, and the Mirohanjeong bower confirms that Hwaseong Haenggung Palace was built by King Jeongjo s Plans in the Year of Gapja. Third, the Sinpungnu gate, the main gate of Haenggung Palace, was a place where rice and porridge were distributed to the poor of Hwaseong-Bu and surrounding areas in celebration of Lady Hyegyeong s 60th birthday, followed by distributing of rice and porridge by later kings and Hyangeumjurye (*ceremonial banquet in the past where local Confucianist scholars drank together once a year) every spring. Oejeongniso office building housed an organization in charge of affairs related to the king s frequent long stays at the detached palace, and Bijangcheong office building, Seoricheong office building and Jipsacheong office building respectively housed those in charge of various petty affairs of the Haenggung Palace. Main buildings of Hwaseong Haenggung Palace were designed and arranged to play individual functions according to King Jeongjo s Plans in the year of Gapja, and were confirmed to function as Hwaseong-Bu s government office buildings in ordinary times as well as royal residence during the stays of kings beginning with King Jeongjo.