中国收养制度的发展及其课题

The Development and Assignments of Chinese Adoption System

收养制度是本无血缘关系的人之间，通过法定的程序形成拟制血亲关系的制度。中国的收养制度体现在1991年颁布，经1998年修改的《收养法》的相关规定中。中国收养制度具有区别与其他国家的以下几个方面的特色：立法原则及其内容侧重于保护未成年儿童的利益；立法模式是独立于亲属法的单行法的模式；收养类型是只允许收养未满14周岁以下未成年人的完全收养；对收养人的年龄与子女人数进行了严格的限制。中国收养制度存在的主要问题是：未能完全体现未成年人利益最大化的原则；对收养人的要求过于苛刻；收养的类型单一；收养之前不给予当事人一定的磨合期；登记时只进行形式审查。面对家庭观念变化与家庭人口逐渐减少的社会现实，改革收养制度是摆在我们面前的历史使命。在收养制度的立法模式上，应摆脱各种因素的束缚，将收养制度回归到《民法典》当中；降低收养人的年龄要求的同时取消收养人须无子女和只能收养一名子女的规定；引入不完全收养制度，充分发挥收养所具有的“抚养”与“赡养”的双重功能；设立试收养制度的同时强化收养的审查力度，使之成为是适应时代和家庭发展需求的更加完备的收养制度。

Adoption system is a system through the legal procedures to make people who between the bloodless relationship to have fictitious blood relations. Chinese adoption system is embodied in the relevant provisions of the Adoption Law, which was enacted in 1991 and amended in 1998. Chinese Adoption system is different from other countries: the legal principles and their contents are focus on the protection of the interests of minors; the legislative model is a model of individual law independent of Family Law; the adoption type is only allowed full adoption of minors under 14 years of age; and strictly limited the age and number of children of the adopter. The main problems with the Chinese adoption system are that, the principle of maximizing the interests of minors is not fully embodied; the requirements of the adopter are too strict; the type of adoption is single; before the adoption, a certain period of adjustment does not given to the parties; and only a formal review is conducted at the time of registration. In the face of social reality of changes in the concept of family and the gradual reduction of the family population, the reform of the adoption system is the historical mission placed in front of us. For the legislative model of adoption system, it should get rid of the shackles of various factors and return to the Civil Law; it should reduce the age requirement of the adopter and removal of the regulations that adopter shall be free of children and only could adopt one child; it should introduced incomplete adoption system, which give full play of adopt that the dual functions of rearing and support ; it should set up a test-adoption system, and strengthen the review of adoption at the same time, so that make adoption system more comprehensive to meet the needs of the times and family development.