Complements vs. Adjuncts (in Korean)

For a correct analysis of many grammatical phenomena, we have to figure out whether a given phrase is a complement or an adjunct of the head concerned. There are many criteria/tests to be used in determining the identity of the phrase. However, there are no syntactic criteria to rely on in Korean, which is a pro-drop language. We have only some semantic criteria, which are not always helpful in analyzing actual data. In the face of these difficulties, we propose a set of heuristic assumptions, which we think facilitate the distinction between complements and adjuncts. We will show our point with reference to the analyses of the -(u)lo and -ey-marked expressions, and the -ul/lul-marked adverbial nominals in Korean.