第3의 認知發達 接近法

The 3rd approach of the cognitive development : Fuzzy-trace theory

Throughout its brief history, the study of cognitive development has been dominated by two grand theoretical schemes. In the beginning, there was the Piagetian School. Later, there was the information-processing approach. It is surely no secret that both traditions are now in considerable difficulty. Although the problems posed by Piagetian theory are perhaps more fundamental and are certainly of longer standing, those associated with information processing are no less real. This paper is to elucidate to new perspective on cognition and its development. This third framework, fuzzy-trace theory, has evolved from a broad and deep base of experimentation-broad in the sense that diverse phenomena have been investigated (attitudes, class inclusion, conservation, dual-task deficits, short-term memory span) and deep in the sense that the results of many studies converge on the principles that this paper discusses. Fuzzy-trace theory is a gist-driven interpretation of cognitive development that has descended from, but is distinctly different than, the Piagetian and information-processing traditions. Intuition, rather than deductive logic or computing machinery, is taken as the operative metapher for cognition, where intuition is defined as it is in the foundations of mathematics-namely, as a fuzzy concept in combination with a construction rule. the theory is orchestrated around seven basic principles ; (a) gist extraction ; (b) fuzzy-to-verbatim continua ; (c) the fuzzy processing preference(intuition) ; (d) reconstruction in short-and long-term memory ; (e) output interference ; (f) resource freedom ; and (g) ontogenesis. These principles are illustrated with developmental findings from familiar reasoning paradigms.