인도의 교육제도와 그 특성 연구

A Study on Educational System of India and It’s Characteristics

본 연구는 인도의 교육제도와 그 특성을 고찰하는데 그 목적이 있다. 교육제도를 고찰함에 있어서 먼저 교육제도의 기초를 이루는 배경을 여러 가지 측면이 있겠지만, 역사적/헌법적 두 측면을 살펴보고, 다음으로 전반적인 교육제도를 개관하고 있다. 그리고 결과적으로 나타난 인도 교육제도의 특성을 열 개 정도 제시하고 있다. 인도의 교육제도는 특히 영국의 기나긴 식민지 영향으로 영국적인 잔재가 많이 남아 있으며, 헌법적으로는 완벽한 민주적이고 평등한 교육체제를 갖추고 있다. 일반적으로 교육체제는 10+2+3제이며, 실제 학제는 우리와 달리 좀 복잡하다. 크게 보면 8-4-3제이나 초/중등 단계가 다시 2개로 나뉘어 5-3-2-2-3제의 학제인 셈이다. 인도의 교육은 국가발전의 동력으로 엘리트 교육을 지향하고 있으며, 뿌리 깊은 종교적/계급적 사회적 불평등의 문제를 해결하는 가장 효율적인 사회적 기제로 간주된다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the educational system of India and it’s characteristics. Review of the literature and school survey including interview are used as research method. First, two aspects, historical and constitutional basis, are identified. Historically the concept of school is Hindi “vidyalaya” and comes from “vid”(to know). Ancient Indians considered knowledge as the third eye of man. Therefore school is the place to illuminate such knowledge. The British colony affected much on the secularization and democratization of Indian education. Indian educational system is much similar to the British education in many aspects. Various provisions have been made in Constitution relating to education in India. Articles of the Constitution relate to seven aspects such as ⅰ) equality before law, ⅱ) religious instruction, ⅲ) interests of minorities, ⅳ) free and compulsory primary education, ⅴ) education of SC(scheduled castes), ST(scheduled Tribes) and other weaker sections, ⅵ)medium of instruction at primary stage, ⅶ) centre-state relation relating to education. The structure of Indian education is classified into 5 steps, pre-primary education, primary education, secondary education, senior secondary education, higher education. Primary education is divided into primary school(5 years) and upper primary school(3 years). Therefore primary education(8 years) is free and compulsory education. Secondary education is divided into secondary school(2 years) and senior secondary school(2 years). But curriculum system is 10+2+3 system. Ten years education including secondary school is uniform or general education. Two years education(senior secondary school) is the step to investigate career and prepare the higher education. Higher education is classified into 3 kinds of pattern, unitary university, affiliating university, and institution. Unitary university is the educational system which has one university in one campus such as Nehru University and Varanasi Hindu University. Affiliating university is the educational system that many kinds of colleges are affiliated as one university. Therefore there are many colleges in a affiliating university. For example, there are seventy nine colleges in Delhi University. Institution is also a kind of university as KAIST in Korea. Institution is called “deemed university”, because it is specialized in some areas and research-centered university. For example IITs are deemed university and specialized university. There are seven IITs in India. Characteristics of Indian Education were as follows : First, English education begins at early step, pre-primary school and public school is very much excellent Second, All schools emphasize equal education stipulated in the Constitution and primary education is free/compulsory education. Third, public schools aim at educating the elite and their tuition fee is very much expensive. Forth, Institutions cultivate the most highly educated manpower in science and technology. Fifth, primary and secondary schools emphasize basic education. Therefore there are not so many subjects to learn. The method of evaluation is subjective, not objective. Sixth, Curriculum is simplified at primary/secondary school and specified at senior secondary school. Seventh, teachers have very high authority and are very proud of their job. In conclusion we say that India is the low- developed country, but it is not right. India is one of the economically much growing countries in several years. During the last decades modern education in India has been one of the powerful instruments of social change and economic growth. Especially many public boarding schools have produced most of the highly talented manpower. When we see the fact that educated manpower contribute to economic growth of India, equal education in Korea needs change for excellence.