元代公據文書初探

The research on Gongju documents of Yuan Dynasty -According to the Gongju Tablet of Fuxue-

「府學公據」는 원나라 世祖 至元 13년(1276) 安西王의 相符에서 京兆 路府學으로 발송한 증빙의 성격을 지닌 문서다. 이 문서는 京兆 府學이 원 세조의 성지에 의거하여 신청한 것으로 府學의 토지와 건물을 보호하고 점거와 파괴를 피하기 위함이었다. 「府學公據碑」는 해당 公據文書를 돌에 새겨 만든 공문비석이다. 문헌 기록에 기록된 원대의 공거문서가 많지 않고, 또 종종 형식도 구비하지 못하고 있는 관계로 석각된 문서는 원대 공거문서를 연구하는 중요한 사료가 된다. 「府學公據碑」는 원대 초기의 공거문서의 격식과 양식을 비교적 완정하게 보존하고 있어서, 이를 元代의 “표준문서”로 간주하여 연구를 진행할 수 있다. 현재 공문서에 대한 연구는 문서의 격식, 체제, 전송 등의 방면에 대해 진행 되고 있으며, 더 나아가 중국 고대의 행정이 어떻게 이루어지는지에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다.

Gongju of Fuxue(府學公據) was Fuxue of Jingzhao(京兆路) applied certificate for land and housing, according to the emperor’s order to safeguard the Fuxue’s property from encroachment and destroyed In Kublai thirteen years of Zhiyuan (至元). Gongju Tablet of Fuxue was carved the Gongju document on the tablet. Because of it almost completely preservation the format in the early Yuan Dynasty, can be used as “zhunwenshu”(準文書) to research. The paper takes Gongju Tablet of Fuxue as basic information, together with other Gongju tablet, to sum up the basic forms, the fixed terms and the document structure of the Gongju Documents in Yuan Dynasty. And compared with Song Dynasty, Gongju documents in Yuan Dynasty were more standardized and strict in document’s format and terms. Fuxue of Jingzhao applied to King of Anxi Minister Mansion(安西王相府) for Gongju and finally obtained, because King Minister Mansion was the most powerful institutions at the time in the Shaanxi areas, and it advocated the policy of governance by Confucianism. The policy of protecting schools by Kublai and take Fuxue as an important place for local examination such as Confucian scholar residence and officials were also important reasons. Meanwhile, the professor of Fuxue Meng Wenchang played an important role. Fuxue of Jingzhao would be recognized and protected by the official after it got Gongju, and could be used as evidence for litigation. When carved the Gongju on the tablet, it declared Fuxue’s rights externally and has a lasting effect. And finally, I sum up the four characteristics of Gongju in Yuan Dynasty, namely flexibility, legality, temporary and permanence.