“懋功疏賞”與“用勞次遷”

Military exploit and Seniority -the principle of the system of Zhuan Yuan-

宋代 조정의 輯員制度는 禁軍 장교의 군직서열 안에서의 변화를 발생시켰고, 화평한 시기 송대 조정의 직업군인이 軍職에 종사하면서 집안을 일으키고 높은 지위로 올라가는 주요 수단이었다. 이제도에는 3년에 1번씩 승진하는 형식과 황제가 친히 열병에 참여하는 두가지 특징이 있다. 3년에 1번씩 일어나는 輯員은 사실 재직기간 동안의 공적을 기초로 功過를 참고하여 일정한 검열과 인선을 통해 장교의 보직을 옮기는 제도였다. 제도의 설계측면을 살펴보면, 輯員은 장교에게 승진의 희망을 부여하여 군대의 사기를 진작하였고, 황제가 직접 열병하는 예식을 통해 황제의 권력을 보여주는 효과가 있었다. 게다가 3년에 1차례라는 시간적인 제한을 둠으로써 장교들의 우두머리가 사적으로 진급자를 선발하는 것을 어느정도 제한하는 작용도 있었다.

In the Song Dynasty, the promotion of mid-level and low-ranking officers in the imperial army was achieved by the system of Zhuan Yuan(輯員). To a soldier, the system was also the main way to get promoted. The system which was held once every three years is based on seniority, military exploit and training grades. An officer that is in good physical condition would be sure to get a promotion if he did not make any mistakes. Emperor reviewing also shows emperor’ power in offers promotion symbolically. At the same time, the generals’ power of promoting officials is limited, at least to a certain degree. The system is effective in the peacetime or on the guards far from war, but in times of war, itsfunction will be broken. The system of Zhuan Yuan was put into effect in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the system was restoredpartially for the promotion of the imperial army of San Ya (三衙) who were away from the front and could not make battle achievement. However, the right to promote in local armed force was held by generals. To limit generals’ power, Song Xiao Zong(宋孝宗) limit the promotion of officers by means of controlling the time of promotion. Both military exploit and seniority play an important role on in officers’ promotion. The words “An military officer will be promoted for his military exploit in wartime and for his seniority in peacetime” reflects the principle of Zhuan Yuan in different situation. In times of war, to encourage military officers to make more contributions, the military exploit is more important than seniority. In peacetime, most of military officers have no chance to win honor. Therefore, seniority carries more weight in officers’ promotion.