아랍어 문법원리인 원인소와 지배소에 대한 연구

A Study on the Grammatical Principle of Arabic al-ʕilla and al-ʕāmil

Looking at the historical aspects of Arabic language studies, it can be seen that early language studies were initiated by descriptive methodology. The grammarians have developed descriptive methodology to derive the rules by collecting and describing pure Arabic data. Early grammar books like Sibawaihi’s‘Al-kitāb’show descry iptive aspects. However, we can see that the descriptive methodology has soon been changed into prescriptive methodology. They derived grammatical rules inductively and then applied these rules to language to identify the right or wrong of use. The prescriptive methodology has taken a very important turn, influenced by Greek philosophy. The representative concept that emerged through these changes is the cause al-ʕilla and the governor al-ʕāmil. Al-ʕilla refers to the cause that enables the prototype al- ʔaṣl to be extended to the subordinate type al-farʕ in the process of analogy. Arab grammarians used the terms ʔaṣl and farʕ in all the levels of the language. The standard of al-ʔaṣl and al-farʕ is the presence or absence of the markers denoting the gender, the definitiveness and the cases as well as the lighter/heavier and stronger/weaker. However, while al-ʕilla has contributed to expanding the grammatical rules, it has also produced negative aspects that create unnecessary arguments as various conflicting opinions among grammarians. As a result, some scholars began rejecting the concept of al-ʕilla and only admitted the early form of the original idea, which was deemed necessary and relatively reasonable for the education. al-ʕāmil is a concept related to the inflection of nouns and imperfect verbs. Sibawaihi has established al-ʕāmil as the main concept of grammatical studies so much that he assigned most of his book to the study of al-ʕāmil. The Arabic al-ʕāmil has a head-first parameter in which the governor proceeds the governed, and is divided into a phonetic governor and a semantic governor. The problem is that al-ʕāmil became important factors causing the disagreements as Arabic grammar schools became different. The Basra school and the Kufa school took issue on the precedence of al-ʕāmil and its number and types. As a result, al-ʕāmil caused many problems and the debate in the study of Arabic grammar. Ibn Jinni argued that al-ʕāmil caused unnecessary controversies in the study of grammar, and that assigning nominative, objective, and genitive cases is not made by al-ʕāmil, but is caused by the speaker s own inherent ability. Ibn Madā al-Qurtubi was influenced by Ibn Jinni, claiming the abolition of al-ʕāmil.