신라 갈문왕호의 성립배경에 관한 연구

A study on the background of the formation of the royal title Galmun in Silla

갈문왕은 신라에서만등장하는 독특한‘왕’이다. 한명을제외하면 모두상대에만 존재했다. 법흥왕이전까지신라는‘왕’을사용하지않았음에도‘왕’을칭한것이다. 본고의목적은갈문왕이라는왕호가언제, 어떤배경에서성립했는지를알아보는것이다. 갈문왕의자격은 세가지이다. 첫째는 왕비와 왕모의 아버지, 둘째는 왕의 아버지, 셋째는 왕의 동생이다. 이중 첫째의 사례는 후대에 일괄적으로 추봉된 것으로 생각된다. 왕비와 왕모의 아버지는 오직 왕비와 왕모의 아버지 자격으로만 ‘갈문왕’으로 등장하며, 갈문왕으로 추봉된 기록도 없기 때문이다. 일괄추봉의시점은 국제정세, 부자세습의 확립, 실성마립간 어머니의 아버지가 갈문왕이 아닌 점 등으로 미루어보아 눌지마립간대가 유력하다. 특히 눌지마립간 19년의 역대원릉수즙은앞선왕계의정리가전제되어야가능한일이었기에, 이시기가추봉의기점이 될 수 있다. 둘째의 사례는 아버지에 대한 추봉(혹은 추봉제도)으로 보았다. 일성이사금 15년 박아도를 갈문왕에 추봉한 이후왕의 아버지를갈문왕으로추봉하는사례들이 나타난다. 일성이사금은 아버지의 계보가 모호했고, 첨해이사금의 경우 강력한 경쟁자가 존재했으며, 미추이사금은 김씨로는 처음 왕위에 올랐다. 모두 정통성의 확보가 필요했다. 일성이사금대 시작된 아버지 에 대한 추봉은 점차 자리를 잡았다. 갈문왕의 사용시점을찾아가다보면매금‘왕’의사용, 즉왕호가 사용된시점도추정할 수 있다. 삼국사기 와 삼국유사 에서 차이를 보이는 마립간의 사용시기 등은 추정의 근거가될수있다. 이런변화는왕자지배의식의확립과밀접한관계가있다. 앞서언급한 눌지마립간대의 여러 조건은 왕자지배의식이 확립될 수 있는 기반이 되었다. 갈문왕은 신라의왕호사용과도밀접한관련을갖으며, 그배경에는왕권의성장과왕자지배의식의 확립이 있다.

Galmunwang(葛文王) is a unique ‘king’ that appears only in Silla. Except for one, all of them were existed only in the early period of Silla. Despite the fact that Silla did not use the title ‘King’ until the reign of King Beopheung(法興王), they were called king. The purpose of this article is to figure out when and in what background the royal title Galmunwang was established. There are three qualifications for becoming Galmunwang. The first is the father of the queen and the king s mother, the second is the father of the king, and the third is the younger brother of the king. The first case of the qualification is thought to be bestowed posthumously at once in posterity. The father of the queen and the king s mother appears as Galmunwang only with this qualification, and there is no record that they were bestowed as Galmunwang in other ways. Considering the international situation, establishment of father-to-son hereditary succession, and the fact that father of Silsung Maripgan(實聖麻立干) s mother was not Galmunwang, the bestowal was likely to occur during the reign of Nulji Maripgan(訥祇麻立干). Especially the repair of the royal tombs in the 19th year of Nulji Maripgan s reign could be possible only after the arrangement of the line of former kings, therefore this period can be the starting point of bestowal. The second case of the qualification is thought to be the bestowal of a posthumous title, or the system of that, for the father of the king. After the bestowal of Bak Ado(朴阿道) for Galmunwang in the 15th year of Ilseong Yisageum(逸聖尼師今), there were cases of bestowal for the king s father as a Galmunwang. Ilseong Yisageum s genealogy of father was ambiguous, Cheomhae Yisageum(沾解尼師今) had a strong rival, and Michu Yisageum (味鄒尼師今) was the first King with the family name Kim. All of them needed to secure their legitimacy. The bestowal for the king s father which was started in the reign of Ilseong Yisageum was established gradually since then. The time when the royal title was used, as for the Maegeumwang(寐錦王) as well as Galmunwang(葛文王), can be estimated during the reign of Nulji Maripgan. If so, the differences in the time of using the title Maripgan between History of the Three Kingdoms(三國史記) and Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms(三國遺事) can be overcome. This change is closely related to the establishment of consciousness of prince s rule. The various conditions during the reign of Nulji Maripgan as mentioned above became the basis upon the establishment of consciousness of prince s rule. Galmunwang is closely related to the use of Silla s royal title, and the development of royal authority and the establishment of consciousness of prince s rule provided a background for that.