東アジアにおける文書外交と相互認識

Document diplomacy and mutual recognition in East Asia

In this paper, from the examples of Japan, Tang, Shilla and Bohai in the 8th and 9th centuries, various aspects of document diplomacy in East Asia were examined separately for inter-monarchical documents and intergovernmental documents, and the characteristics of ancient Japan were considered. First of all, in the inter-monarchical document, Tang used 下達文書 to all countries, and Silla and Bohai used Johyo(上表) for the Tang. In this regard, I confirmed that document diplomacy is prescribed in the Chinese world centered on Tang. However, Japan used　表 for Tang but used 下達文書(慰労詔書) for Silla and Bohai. This is because Japan, imitating the Tang, considers Silla or Balhae as a vassals. Neither Shilla nor Balhae obey the recognition of Japan, Silla does not bring diplomatic documents to Japan, Bohai used 啓written in 書儀. Even from the fact that Silla and Bohai do not use Johyo(上表) for Japan, they are practicing document diplomacy in relation to Tang, so I considered that they did not have the duty of document diplomacy to Japan. Next, documents between the government offices can not confirm examples of use between Tang, Shilla and Bohai. Between Japan and each country, 牒式文書 was used. In 中台省牒 from Balhae, which was brought to Japan, the name of the envoy and the purpose of dispatching are written, and similar documents seem to have been used in other countries. To Tang and Shilla, Japan conducts practical contacts in dispatching foreign envoys by using 牒. To Bohai, 太政官牒 is issued including Chinese consciousness. These point can be regarded as the character of document diplomacy in ancient Japan.