19세기 이후 근대와 후기근대 시대의 그리스도 신앙 수용의 변화

The changes of Christian faith reception after the 19th century Modernism and Post-Modernism era

Christian faith is rooted on God’s universal revelation, but it is understood, interpreted and practiced in context of the spirit of the times, because it is the faith within the history. Therefore, the Church interpreted the Christian faith in various forms within the human history context; interpret the spirit of the times by the Gospel, and played the prophetic role of criticizing the mental stream against the Gospel. The Church in the 19th century showed two incompatible streams for accepting the faith against the Modernism’s rational automatic self-imposed era. On the one side, keeping the Church centered on magisterium, emphasizing the faithful’s passive faith, which follow unilaterally the Church’s teaching. On the contrary to this, accommodated Modernism’s positive aspects, reinterpreted the Christian faith to the spirit of the times, and tried to accept those aspects. In the 19th century Modernism era, there were changes by the influence of the Enlightment philosophy; from God-oriented (unification thought) to human-oriented (anthropocentricism), from universe-oriented to human-oriented, from heteronomy to autonomy. Against this Modernism spirit, the Church centered by Apologeticum who focused on magisterium emphasized the faithful’s passive sensus fidei in image of the learning Church where is the movement of revival of faith, reinforcement of the papacy and positiveness of transcendental revelation. At the same time, the Church accepted the spirit of the times, showed balance and adaptation movement of the critical study of the Gospel and of the true meaning of the Gospel, and the new interpretation of the religion in the aspect of emotion free from the reason centering (Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher). Especially, the Catholic theology in the 19th century asked again the faithful’s religious experiences and the theological value of witness, and received the sensus fidei as to the important criterion of the truth discovery of the religion. After the 20th century, Post-Modernism era, led the pluralism stream within the criticism against modernism’s reason, progress and nationalism. The Christianity also in this post Christianity era started to emphasize the New Spirituality movement and the harmonious and redemptive dimension of the faith reception. The Catholic Church, after the 2nd Vatican Council, confirmed the common vocation within joint participation church model, which is the teaching Church (pastor) and the learning Church (lay people), and acknowledged the journey of the faith reception with other culture and religion through theological point of view through conversation with them. The 21st century after the Post-Modernism, the Catholic Church and theology interpret newly the truth of the Gospel within mystagogic spirituality against indiscriminative pluralism and the skepticism on religion, search for the paradigm of new religion reception which the faithful could sympathize and understand. Now, the multilateral study on the faithful’s sensus fidei which is the principal of religion reception is needed.