러일전쟁과 청국의 전시 중립

The Russo-Japanese war and Neutralization of Qing dynasty

본 연구의 주 논점은 러일전쟁 시기 일본이 청국의 중립을 위반한 사례를 검토하고 그 재발방지를 위한 제2차 헤이그평화회의에서의 논의과정을 고찰하는데 있다. 이를 위해 첫째, 중립 항구인 상하이(上海)와 즈푸(芝罘)항에 입항한 러시아 군함의 처 리과정을 검토한다. 둘째, 청국의 중립문제가 전쟁의 승패를 떠나 문명세계의 파국에 대한 우려와 연동되는 과정을 고찰한다. 이는 만주에 한정되었던 러일전쟁의 무대가 전 중국으로 확대될 수 있다는 공포와 관련되어 있었다. 셋째, 전후 러시아가 소집 요청한 헤이그평화회의에서 분쟁의 평화적 해법에 대한 일반 합의가 이루어지지 않는 원인을 미국과 러시아의 국가전략의 차이를 중심으로 분석하고자 한다. 아울러 본 연구가 청국과 마찬가지로 한국 역시 전시중립을 선언했음에도 전자는 중립이 유지되었던 반면, 후자는 일본군에 의해 불법 강점되었던 원인에 대해 비교 분석하는 연구를 심화시키는데 일조하기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this research is to examine the case of Japan’s violation of neutrality of the Qing Dynasty during the Russo-Japanese war, and to analyze the discussions at the Second Hague Peace Conference to prevent its recurrence. For this, it was investigated the process of making resolutions on two cases in which Russian warships had anchored in the neutral ports of China in Shanghai and Chefoo. Even though Russian warships were in the neutral harbors as in Shanghai and Chefoo, the processing methods were absolutely different on the problems of Russian warships in both harbors. The question about the disposal of Russian battleship in Shanghai was settled in accordance with the negotiations between the Russian and Japanese authorities, while the Russian battleship Reshitelnyi (Решительный) in Chefoo was captured and towed out by the Japanese Navy entered the neutral port. It was resulted in the suspicion about the ability to maintain the neutrality of Qing dynasty. Furthermore, it was revealed that the neutrality of Qing dynasty had been tightly tied with the future of the civilized world. With a view to limit the area of hostilities, should not take any steps Qing dynasty to prevent an infringement of her neutrality, the theater of war, restricted to the Manchuria, would be expanded out of control to all over the China. Finally, it was the main cause to hold the Peace Conference at the Hague in which considered the needs on supplements of laws and usages of war by initiative of Russia after Russo-Japanese war. Hague Conference was an attempt to gradually bring into existence a code of law which shall be universally recognized as binding belligerents. Much, however, remained before the laws of war, could be actually reduced to a binding International Code and the rights and duties of neutrals properly ascertained. It was due to differences in position between the US and Russia that Hague Convention could not evolve into the general agreement on the peaceful settlement of conflict. It was a result that before the United States and Russia remained long-term missions of effective ways to sanction countries that violate international law. Also, it is hopeful that this research might be a moment to activate comparative analysis of neutrality between Qing dynasty and Korean government, as the first could keep on its neutrality during Russo-Japanese war, meanwhile the latter had failed to be a neutral.(Northeast Asian History Foundation)