共同遗嘱的法律问题探析

Analysis on the Legal Issues of Common Wills

《继承法》中没有共同遗嘱相关的法律条文，有关共同遗嘱的唯一规定就是2000年司法部颁布的《遗嘱公证细则》第15条。根据第15条的规定，公证机关不支持当事人之间设立共同遗嘱，但是对坚持设立的当事人要求明确约定遗嘱的生效，变更和撤销的条件。由于共同遗嘱的实际存在和法律缺位的矛盾，人民法院的审判陷入无法可依的困境，出现了同案不同判的审判结果。 本文通过法律审判文书网公布的有关共同遗嘱案件的近几年统计和两个具有代表性案件的分析，总结出我国设立共同遗嘱制度的必要性和可行性，并在夫妻共同遗嘱的效力、生效时间的认定、变更和撤销的问题上进行了较为详细的分析。通过限制共同遗嘱的主体和财产范围，有条件地肯定共同遗嘱的效力；共同立遗嘱的双方均死亡之后，才发生遗产分割的效力；一方死亡后当事人之间没有约定的前提下，生存一方只能变更和撤销属于个人财产范围内的遗嘱内容等规定是构建共同遗嘱制度时，必须参考的重要事项。

China s Law of Succession promulgated and implemented in 1985, based on China s social reality, stipulates its testamentary succession system. However, there is no legal provision related to the common will in the “Law of Succession”. The only provision concerning the common will is Article 15 of the “Detailed Regulation on the notarization of the will” promulgated by the Ministry of Justice in 2000. According to the provisions of Article 15, the notary office does not support the establishment of a common will between the parties, but requires the parties who insist on the establishment to clearly stipulate the conditions for go into effect, change and withdrawal of the will. Due to the contradiction between the actual existence of the common will and the lack of law, the trial of the people s court fell into a difficult situation that could not be relied upon, and the trial results of different judgments in the same case appeared. Through the statistics of recent cases of common wills published by the China Judgements Online and analysis two representative cases, this paper summarizes the necessity and feasibility of establishing a common will system in China and carried out a more detailed analysis on the effect of the husband and wife s common will, identification of the effective time and the change and withdrawal of the common will. The following provisions are important mattes that must be considered when constructing a common will system: Conditionally affirming the effect of the common will by limiting the scope of the subject and property of the common will; The effect of the division of the estate occurs only after the death of both parties to the common will; Under the premise that there is no agreement between the parties after the death of one party, the surviving party can only change and withdrawal the content of the will belonging to the personal property, etc.