익산 연동리유적 가마 검토

A Study on the Kiln for Tiles Yeongdong-ri, Iksan

익산지역은 백제 말 무왕의 천도설이 기록으로 남아 있고, 미륵사지, 왕궁리유적 등 고대국가의 수도로써 갖추어야할 유적이 위치하고 있다. 이렇듯 기와의 수요가 많은 지역임에도 불구하고 기와와 관련된 생산유구는 확인되지 않았다. 하지만 효과적인 공급을 위해서는 익산에서도 기와가 제작되어 공급되었을 가능성을 배제할 수는 없으며, 2011년 익산 연동리유적 발굴조사 연동리유적에서는 가마2기, 수혈1기가 확인되었다. 본고에서는 구조가 명확한 2호가마를 대상으로 하며, 가마의 명칭은 ‘연동리유적 가마’라 하였다. 에서는 가마가 확인되었다. 연동리유적 가마는 백제사비기 기와가마에서 보이는 특징과 구조를 가지고 있다. 장방형 소성부와 터널형 연소부를 가지며, 가마의 시기는 7세기 중후엽에 조성된 것으로 파악된다. 출토유물인 녹유연목와와 인각와, 평기와는 왕궁리유적과 미륵사지, 제석사지 출토품과 연관성이 있음이 확인되며, 전체적인 유물의 양상은 백제말기에서 통일신라시대로 구분할 수 있다. 가마의 운영방식은 주변에 위치한 다수의 수급지에 공급하는 형태로 볼 수 있다. 즉 수요자의 요구가 있을 경우에 별도로 보수용기와를 제작하는 운영방식으로 수급지는 연동리사지나, 왕궁리유적, 미륵사지 및 가마 주변의 크고 작은 건물이나 사찰에 보수용 기와를 공급했던 것으로 볼 수 있다. 익산지역 생산유구 중 사덕유적 4호가마는 출토된 자배기의 편년을 통해 6세기 후엽에서 7세기 초 사이에 조성된 것으로 보고 있다. 토기전용가마이지만 이전까지 제작된 토기가마 구조와는 다른 기와가마의 속성을 가지며 변화를 보인다. 이러한 가마 구조의 변화는 당시 익산지역이 무왕의 천도와 함께 7세기대에 기와건축물이 조성되는 등 사회적인 변화와 함께 영향을 미쳤다고 판단된다. 결국 익산의 사덕유적 4호가마나 연동리유적 가마는 사회적인 변화에 따라 사비도성인 부여지방에서 기술적인 영향을 받았을 것으로 판단되며, 구조는 백제가 멸망하고 통일신라시대에 까지 그 전통이 유지된다고 볼 수 있다.

The kilns for tiles during the age of Three States had been constructed in a mass and great scale in the areas surrounding Buyeo, castle town of Sabi era, a fact signifying that there was increased demand for tiles following or during the transfer of capital when lots of buildings and temples were built. About one or two kilns were operated independently in the outskirts of the capital Sabi except for Buyeo, supplying tiles to the neighboring regions. Records attest that King Mu transferred the capital to Iksan area around the end of Baekje Kingdom. In Iksan, there are remains of the royal palace of this period in Wanggung-ri and on the sites of Jeseok Temple, which was the royal temple, of Mireuk Temple which was the national temple, of the fortifications for defending the royal palace like Iksan mud wall, Geumma capital mud wall, Mireuk and Yonghwa fortresses, as well as Iksan Twin Tombs presumed to be the tombs of King and Queen Mu. These relics are almost all which a city of an old state should have been armed with to prove its status as capital. Although no relics pointing to production site of tiles have been unearthed in this area, we couldn t exclude the possibility of production and effective supply of tiles to meet the large volume of demand for tiles. It was in 2011 when, at last, the first-ever remains of a kiln for tiles of the Three States age were discovered in the excavation investigation in Yeongdong-ri, Iksan, which bears witness to the structure of a kiln. The above classification has brought forth the conclusion that the kilns for tiles in the relics of Yeongdong-ri possessed the same features and structures as those of Sabi age of Baekje. They are estimated to have been made in the mid to end of the 7th century when the kilns with rectangle-type firing part and tunnel-type burning part started to appear. The relics excavated from inside of the kilns and those of Sabi age of Baekje unearthed around the kilns were compared to each other to determine their suppliers. From the comparison, it turned out that the green roof tiles with seven leaves of lotus stamped, stamped roof tiles and plain roof tiles unearthed from the sites of the kiln in Yeondong-ri are related to the relics excavated on the sites of Wanggjung-ri, Mireuk Temple and Jeseok Temple, whose production age could belong to the end of Baekje or during the age of Unified Silla Kingdom, judging from the shape of overall relics. According to the researches as above, it seems that the kiln for tiles in Yeongdong-ri was operated in the manner the tiles for repair were produced extra whenever there was request from lots of consumers in its neighborhood. Such consumers might include the sites of the temple in Yeongdong-ri, Wanggung-ri relics, Mireuk Temple and other temples or small and big buildings located around the kiln. Besides, it was possible to determine how production of tiles had developed in Iksan area by comparing the kilns for earthenware during the age of Three States and those for tiles during the Unified Silla era. From among the kilns for earthenware, the kiln No. 4 of the Sadeok remains is estimated by the chronological assessment of the unearthed vessel to have been built during the period ranging from the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century. It owns attributes of the kiln for tiles different from other previous kilns for earthenware in structure, although it was a kiln for exclusive production of earthenware. Such change in the structure of kilns as described above is thought to have been influenced by social changes like King Mu s transfer of the capital to Iksan and consequent construction of buildings with tile roofs. In conclusion, it may be said that the kiln No. 4 of the Sadeok remains and the kiln in the remains of Yeongdong-ri, Iksan could have been technically influenced by Buyeo region, capital town of Sabi, as part of the social changes.