다산 정약용의 토지개혁론과 현실인식

Dasan Chŏng Yak-yong’s Theory of Land Reform and Recognition of Reality

다산 정약용의 목민심서와 경세유표에 나타난 토지개혁론은 그의 18,19세기 현실인식을 잘 보여준다. 특히 그의 양전법과 방전법, 그리고 정전법[여전론]을 통해 3단계 현실인식을 확인할 수 있다. 1단계 양전법은 농민의 몰락을 가속화시킨 제도였기에 개혁대상으로 보았다. 2단계 방전법과 어린도설은 토지모순을 해결하는 필수 단계로서 정전법 시행을 위한 준비과정으로 보았다. 3단계 정전법과 여전론 단계는 그의 최종적인 목표였다. 점진적이고 단계적인 준비과정을 거쳐 정전법을 시행하고 나아가 농업생산성을 극대화시키는 것이다. 다산의 목표는 왕전(王田) 이념을 바탕으로 공전을 확대하는 데 있었다. 균세, 균직, 균산을 실현하는 방법을 통해 토지공개념을 완성하려는 것이다. 노동능력에 따라 농민에게만 토지를 분배하며 나아가 1/9, 혹은 1/10세를 실현하려 하였다. 농민 외의 상인, 공인, 사류층에게는 각각의 전문화된 직역을 담당하게 하여 새로운 이상국가를 완성하려는 것이다.

The land reform theory presented in Chŏng Yak-yong’s works Mongminsimsŏ(牧民心書) and Kyŏngseyup’yo(經世遺表) illustrates his recognition of the reality of Chosŏn in the 18th and 19th centuries. In particular, his theories - called Yangjŏnbŏp(量田法, Land Survey theory), Pangjŏnbŏp(方田法, Square-Field theory), and Chŏngjŏnbŏp(井田法, Well-Field theory) - reflect three phases in his historical consciousness. Yangjŏnbŏp (the first phase) was criticized as a system that accelerated the downfall of farmers. As the second phase, Pangjŏnbŏp and Ŏrindosŏl(魚鱗圖說) were regarded as the best ways to resolve land contradictions and to prepare the implementation of Chŏngjŏnbŏp. In the third phase, Chŏngjŏnbŏp and Yŏjŏnnon(閭田論, Community Land theory) were his final goal. The final step was to implement Chŏngjŏnbŏp through a gradual and phased preparation process, and further, to maximize the agricultural productivity. Chŏng Yak-yong’s goal was to expand Kongjŏn(公田, Public Land) based on the ideology of Wangjŏn(王田, King’s land). His plan was to implement the public concept of land ownership through the realization of equal taxation(均稅), equal job distribution(均職), and equal production(均産). He aimed to only distribute land to farmers according to their labor capacity, and to achieve a 1/9 or 1/10 tax rate. In addition to farmers, merchants, officials, and elites would also be responsible for their specialized roles to implement his new ideal state.