先秦汉语否定词系统及其演变试说

A Brief Description of the Systematization and Evolution of the Privatives of the HAN Language in the Pre-historic QIN Dynasty Era

本文以“不+N”结构的性质为切入点，根据时间性和空间性的区分，把先秦汉语的否定词分为两大类五小类，并梳理了汉语否定词系统从先秦到现代汉语的演变。本文还重点说明了两个问题：（一）“不+名”是否定词“不”对名词的否定，“不”和名词之间既没有隐含一个动词，名词也没有活用为动词；（二）现代汉语中的“没有”有两个来源，先来源于名词否定标记“无”，再来源于动词否定标记“未”。

Based on the nature of Bu (不)+ N structure, this paper divides the negative words in pre-Qin Chinese into two categories and five sub-categories according to the distinction of time and space, and combs the evolution of Chinese negative word system from Pre-Qin to modern Chinese. This paper also focuses on two problems: (1) whether Bu(不) + N is the negation of noun by the determiner bu(不) , and whether there is no implied verb between Bu(不) and noun, nor is the noun used flexibly as a verb; (2) there are two sources of MEIYOU(没有) in modern Chinese, first from the negative sign of noun WU(无) , then from the negative sign of verb WEI(未) . Traditionally, the negation words of pre-Qin Chinese are divided into four categories: (1) The Bu(不) category, which means simple negation. (2) The Wei(未) category, indicating a negative attitude towards the past. (3) The Fei(非) category, which conveys negation of judgment. (4) The Mo(莫) category, signifying prohibition. Such classification, though comes with a certain degree of rationality, but embraces unscientific elements. For example, the Bu(不) category as a notion of simple negation is not a scientific explanation. This paper attempts to apply the research results of negative words in modern Chinese to the study of negative words in ancient Chinese. Professor Nie Renfa聂仁发 (2001) believes that the time significance of the Bu(不) and Meiyou(没有) categories in modern Chinese is reflected in the Object(体) rather than time(时) and summarizes their differences as: Bu(不) ：【+Negation】[-Realization] Or“Mei(没)“：【+Negation】[+Realization] Professor Nie”s belief is truly inspirational. Hence we pursue further, by judging from the time elements of the pre-Qin Chinese negation word system, to try to divide them into two main categories as well as five small sub-categories. We shall be deeply obliged to receive feedbacks in any forms as well as criticisms as to determine whether this classification is appropriate, correct and in particular with reference to the negation of judgment as a [-Time elements]; while the negation of the imperatives as a [+Time elements].