심의 민주주의에 기초한 민주시민교육의 방향에 대한 고찰

A Study on Democratic Citizenship Education based on Deliberative Democracy: Focused on Gutmann and Thompson

본고는 다양한 의견이 충돌하는 현대사회에서 심의 민주주의가 어떠한 의의와 특징을 지니며, 민주시민교육과 연관된 의미와 그 방향은 무엇인지에 대하여 논의한다. 이를 위해 먼저 심의 민주주의의 기원 및 개념, 주요 이론들, 필요성 등을 개관하고, 오늘날의 다원화되고 불확실성이 강한 시대적 맥락에 적절한 심의 민주주의는 무엇인지를 주로 것맨과 톰슨의 관점에서 고찰한다. 아울러 본고는 심의 민주주의에 관한 문제점 및 비판과 함께 그에 대한 응답을 다룬다. 이어서 본고는 심의 민주주의의 의미와 특징에 대한 논의에 기초하여, 이것이 어떻게 민주시민교육과 연관되며, 심의 민주주의를 구현하는 교육은 어떻게 이루어져야 할 것인지를 논의한다. 특히, 본고는 심의 민주주의를 위한 교육으로서 도덕교육, 다문화교육, 토론교육의 방향에 대하여 고찰하며, 심의적 습관 함양을 통한 일상의 민주시민교육의 필요성을 주장한다.

A deliberative democracy is a form of dialogue that embodies democracy by seeking consensus based on rationality and reciprocity in a modern society where various positions conflict. The deliberations are not merely a decision of majority opinion, nor are they negotiations by means of a compromise of interests. This is not a simple problem-solving but a pursuit of moral justification in procedure and content. The deliberations are based on the right of all members to participate equally, and the obligation to persuade the other party on a reasonable and sufficient basis. Through deliberation, citizens will learn the autonomy and openness to establish their own values consistently and to rationally modify their views through open dialogue that listens to others views. The deliberation is a mature model of democracy in which citizens rationally make decisions on the value of freedom, justice and equality, and in order to realize this mature deliberative democratic society, public education should cultivate the moral qualities and rational abilities necessary for deliberation. In addition, the habit of deliberating in various spaces, such as home, society, workplace, leisure life, media, as well as in schools, can make everyday life a great place for democratic civic education. A deliberative democracy is not a perfect ideal model, so it should recognize and supplement problems through theoretical and practical criticism, and seek harmony with other forms of democracy or the forms of dialogue and negotiation. In particular, deliberations should seek various ways to strengthen minority participation. To this end, through school education and various social education, minorities should be encouraged to develop their ability to logically persuade their positions. In addition, in addition to the rational discussion method based on logical grounds, we should talk about our situation and position in various ways and have a conversation that can be shared with each other. What is particularly noteworthy in education is that through all subjects and activities other than subjects, one should respect and listen to opinions different from oneself, and develop habits and attitudes that resolve problems and conflicts on morally justifiable grounds.