金官加耶의 外來系 威勢品 受用과 意味

The acceptance of the foreign prestige goods and meaning in the period of Geumgwan Gaya

2012년도 대성동고분군 발굴조사에서 금동대금구와 금동ㆍ청동제마구류 등의 중국 동북계 위세품과 파형동기와 통형동기 등의 일본계 위세품이 출토되었다. 따라서 이 유물들에 대한 종합적인 검토가 필요하게 되었다. 대성동고분군의 경우, 전기도질토기ⅡㆍⅤ단계를 제외한 ⅠㆍⅢㆍⅣㆍⅥ단계의 대형1식묘(묘광면적 35m2이상)에 금동으로 만든 관식, 대금구, 운주, 마령, 안교의 내연금구 등이 별도 내지 같이 부장된다. 그리고 일본계 위세품들 중 위계가 높은 파형동기와 응회암제석제품 역시 대성동고분군에만 부장된다. 특히 중국 동북계 위세품들은 前燕권역에서 출토된 것들과 거의 동일하다. 대성동91호분과 1호분 출토 마구류를 분석한 결과, 91호분(전기도질토기Ⅲ단계)은 4세기 2/4분기, 1호분(Ⅵ단계)은 5세기1/4분기로 비정된다. 이렇듯 낙랑ㆍ대방군의 소멸 이후인 4세기2/4ㆍ3/4분기에도 중국 동북계 위세품과 일본계 위세품이 대성동고분군에 집중되는 것은 중국과 일본을 잇는 남해안 교섭권을 금관가야가 독점했기 때문일 것이다. 대성동고분군의 대형1식묘의 경우, 4세기3/4분기부터 응회암제석제품이 함께 출토하는 일본계 위세품 부장유형 ‘가’ㆍ나‘형과 중국 동북계 금동제위세품들, 그리고 갑주ㆍ마구ㆍ철정이 함께 부장되는데, 이러한 부장유형은 다른 고분군에서는확인되지 않는다. 이렇듯 시기의 금관가야는 특정읍락(국읍)에 권력이 집중된 사회였고, 강력한 왕권이 성립되어 있었음을 알 수 있다.

The 2012 Excavation Survey on Daeseong-dong Ancient Tombs discovered prestige goods in the China’s northeastern regions manner including gilt-bronze belts and gilt-bronze and bronze harnesses and those in the Japanese manner including bronze starfish-shaped shield accessories and tube-shaped bronze implements. Accordingly, it became necessary to give comprehensive consideration to those artifacts. In the case of Daeseong-dong Ancient Tombs, gilt-bronze ornaments for tomb, metal belts, harness fittings for cross belt, horse bells, and saddle bridges were buried with, or separately from, the owner of the tomb in a large tomb(from 35m2 tomb area upward) of the phase Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅵ, except for phase Ⅱ and Ⅴ of earlier ceramics pottery. Not only that, among prestige goods in the Japanese manner high in rank, bronze starfishshaped shield accessories and tuff stone implements were discovered only in Daeseong-dong Ancient Tombs. In particular, the prestige goods in the China’s northeastern regions manner are almost same with those excavated in the area of Former Yan. From the analysis of the first and 91st tombs in Daeseong-dong Ancient Tombs, it can be found out that the 91st (phase Ⅲ of earlier ceramics pottery) was constructed in the second quarter of the 4th century, whereas the first (phase Ⅵ) was created in the first quarter of the 5th century. Therefore, it can be speculated that because Guemgwan Gaya monopolized negotiation right around the southern coast of Korean peninsula connecting the China’s northeastern regions and the Japaneses, those prestige goods were concentrated in Daeseong-dong Ancient Tombs after the fall of Lelang and Daifang Commandery in the second and third quarters of 4th century. In the above mentioned large tomb of Daeseong-dong Ancient Tombs, from the third quarter of 4th century, prestige goods in the Japanese manner type ‘가’ and ‘나’ were buried with tuff stone implements, gilt-bronze prestige goods of China’s northeastern regions manner, panoplies, harnesses and iron plates. This type of burial is not found in other ancient tombs. Thus, Geumgwan Gaya in this period was a society in which the power had concentrated at a specific Euprak(Gukeup) and the royal authoriyt was established.