근대전환기 호열자의 유행과 천도교의 대응

The Trend of Cholera Modern Transition Period and the Response of Cheondogyo

본고는 근대전환기 호열자의 유행과 천도교의 대응에 대해 고찰하였다. 호열자는 인도의 벵갈 지역의 풍토병이었지만 초기에는 중국을 거쳐, 개항 이후에는 일본을 통해 우리나라에 유입되었다. 당시 호열자는 그동안 알려지지 않은 질병이었기 때문에 ‘괴질’이라 불렸다. 호열자가 유행함에 따라 이에 대한 인식과 대응도 일반 사회와 정부에서 다양하게 나타났다. 일반 사회는 호열자는 치료의 약도 구제의 방법도 없었기 때문에 ‘벌벌 떨 정도’로 공포의 대상이었으며, 이를 벗어나기 위해 부적을 사용하거나 한의학을 통한 의술, 기도를 올리는 무속, 민간의 관습 등을 활용하였다. 정부에서는 백성들을 위무하고 예방을 위해 여제(厲祭) 등을 시행하였다. 천도교는 창도할 당시 호열자가 만연하였기 때문에 이를 예방 및 대응을 위해 ‘먹는 음식’을 정성과 공경을 다하여 한울님 대하듯이 할 것과 위생준칙을 마련하였다. 이외에도 근대위생을 적극적으로 수용하여 ‘위생에 관한 글’과 『준비시대』·『만세보』·『천도교회월보』 등을 반포 및 간행하여 교인들로 하여금 위생을 보다 적극적으로 인식케 할 뿐만 아니라 위생준칙으로 호열자에 대해서 적극 대응토록 하였다.

This paper examines the prevalence of cholera Modern transition period and the response of Cheondogyo. Cholera was an endemic disease in India s Bengal region, but initially flowed through China, and after opening, it entered Korea through Japan. At the time, cholera was called ‘monster’ because it was an unknown disease. As the cholera epidemic, from the end of the Korean language to the 1910s, the media delivered cases of cholera epidemics from abroad, such as China, Japan, and Russia. As the cholera epidemic, the perception and response to this have varied in the general society and government. In general, cholera was the subject of fear as a “pushed trembling” because there was no way to relieve or cure cholera. To escape from this, amulets were used or medicines through oriental medicine, shamans raising prayers, and folk customs were used. Also entrusted it to Catholicism to prevent cholera. The government implemented “Yeoje(厲祭)”, “Byeolyeoje(別厲祭)”, “Yuanje(慰安祭)” and “Yangjaeje” to protect and prevent the people. After the opening of the port, the concept of Western medicine and hygiene was gradually adopted and spread. Su-un Choi Je-woo saw society as “bad luck full of injury” and “three-year monster” because of the widespread popularity of society when he founded Dong-hak. In order to prevent and respond to this, it was suggested that ‘food to eat’ should be treated as if it were Hanulnim(한울님), with all due respect and sincerity. Above all, this emphasizes cleanliness, and it became the foundation for more specific hygiene regulations in Haewol Choe Si-hyeong. Uiam Son Byeong-hui, who defected to Japan after the Donghak Peasant Revolution, actively embraced modern hygiene. Based on this, the organization published and published articles on hygiene, such as “The Age of Preparation”, “Mansaebo”, and “Cheondo Church Monthly” to encourage Christians to recognize hygiene more actively. In addition, we actively responded to cholera as a hygiene regulation. The sanitary awareness of Cheondogyo Bridge and the response of cholera served as an important factor in the expansion of the church. It played an important role in expanding hygiene awareness through religion.