原三國時代 中東部文化圈 住居 硏究

A Study on the Dwellings of the Middle Eastern Culture Area in the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period

원삼국시대 중부지역은 주거, 분묘, 물질자료 등의 구성 요소 차이를 바탕으로 중동부와 중서부로 문화권을 나눌 수 있다. 中東部文化圈은 여ㆍ철자형주거, 중도식무문토기, 타날문토기 등으로 구성되어 있으나 中西部文化圈은 방형주거가 분포한다. 그리고 중동부문화권은 다양한 평면형태의 여ㆍ철자형주거, 외줄구들, 적석분구묘로 구성된 중도유형권과 이러한 요소가 발견되지 않는 가평리유형권으로 다시 세분된다. 중동부문화권의 중도식무문토기, 여ㆍ철자형주거, 외줄구들은 단결-크로우노브카문화가 파급된 결과이다. 단결-크로우노브카문화는 웅기 송평동 패총에서 확인된 외줄구들, 중도식무문토기 등으로 볼 때 東北韓을 경유하여 중부지역에 유입된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 동북한에서 중부지역으로의 유입로로 중도유형권은 안변-(추가령)-평강-철원(임진ㆍ한탄강), 안변-(철령)-회양-춘천(북한강)의 루트, 가평리유형권은 덕원-안변-통천-고성(동해안)의 루트가 상정된다. 여ㆍ철자형주거의 주축방향은 편서향을 띠는데, 이것은 편서풍 지대라는 지리적 특징을 최대한 고려한 선택이었으며, 바람의 영향이 가장 적은 남동쪽에 출입구를 개설한 것과 연동된다. 중동부문화권은 원삼국Ⅰ-1∼Ⅰ-2기까지 전통적인 방형주거 및 점토대토기가 공존한다. 그러나 원삼국Ⅰ-3기에 여ㆍ철자형주거가 등장하면서 선행 문화요소는 점차 소멸한다. 또한 원삼국Ⅱ기에 외줄구들의 등장, 낙랑계토기의 폭발적 유통을 통해 주거의 평면형태가 다양화됨으로써 중도유형과 가평리유형의 차이가 발생하기 시작한다. 원삼국Ⅲ기에는 적석분구묘, 부뚜막이 등장하면서 주거의 평면형태가 육각형으로 변화하는데 가평리유형권은 4C 후반부터 육각형으로 변화하여 지역 간 시차를 보인다. 이후 중도유형은 낙동강 상류의 문경ㆍ점촌, 가평리유형은 울진, 울주, 영주까지 확산된다. 삼국시대에는 호서 및 호남지역에서도 여ㆍ철자형주거와 유사한 출입구를 갖는 주거 형태가 확인된다.

The central region in the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period can be divided into the Middle Eastern Culture Area and Middle Western Culture Area on the basis of components such as dwelling, tomb, and material remains. The Middle Eastern Culture Area has such features as ‘yeo (呂)’-character and ‘cheol (凸)’-character shaped dwellings, Jungdo style plain pottery, and Tanalmun pottery (with stamped design), whereas the Middle Western Culture Area features square-shaped dwellings. The Middle Eastern Culture Area can also be further classified into the Jungdo Assemblage with various flat types of ‘yeo (呂)’-character and ‘cheol (凸)’-character shaped dwellings, tunnel-shaped heating systems, stone-mound tombs, and into Gapyeong-ri Assemblage which lacks these features. In the Middle Eastern Culture Area, Jungdo style plain pottery, ‘yeo (呂)’-character and ‘cheol (凸)’-character shaped dwellings, and tunnel-shaped heating systems were influenced by Tuanjie-Krounovka Culture. Given that tunnel-shaped heating systems and Jungdo style plain pottery were found at the Unggi Songpyung-dong Shell Midden, it appears possible to suggest that the Tuanjie-Krounovka Culture reached the central region via northeastern Korea. The Jungdo Assemblage may have spread through the following pathways from northeastern Korea to the central region: 1) the Anbyon-(Chugaryeong)-Pyonggang-Cheorwon (Imjin River and Hantan River) route, and 2) the Anbyon-(Chullyoung)-Hoeyang-Chuncheon (Bukhan River) route. The Gapyeong-ri Assemblage may have had spread along the Deokwon-Anbyon-Tongchon-Goseong (Eastern coast of Korea) route. The direction of the main axis of ‘yeo (呂)’-character and ‘cheol (凸)’-character shaped dwellings coincides with that of the Westerlies (winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude). In this study, the geographic features of the Westerlies was taken into consideration as much as possible and it was proposed that the location of the entrance and exit at the southeast side of the dwelling may have been due to the fact that it was where the influence of wind was the weakest. The Middle Eastern Culture Area maintained the co-existence of traditional square-shaped dwellings and clay-band rim pottery until Phases I-1 and I-2 of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. With the emergence of ‘yeo (呂)’-character and ‘cheol (凸)’-character shaped dwellings in Phase I-3 of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, previous cultural factors gradually disappeared. In addition, with the emergence of tunnel-shaped heating systems and the explosive spread of Nangnang (Lelang) influenced pottery in Phase II of the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, dwelling floor plans became varied. As a result, the Joongdo Assemblage came to be distinguished from the Gapyeong-ri Assemblage. In Phase III of the Proto-Three Kingdoms, stone-mound tombs and kitchen ranges emerged, and dwelling floor plans changed into a hexagonal shape. In the Gapyeong-ri Assemblage, this change in dwelling floor plan to a hexagonal shape took place in the latter half of the 4th century, illustrating a regional difference. From that time, the Joongdo Assemblage expanded to the MungyeongㆍJeomchon areas of the upper Nakdong River, and the Gapyeong-ri Assemblage expanded to Uljin, Ulju, and Yeongju. In the Three Kingdoms Period, a type of dwelling with an entrance and exit was similar to that of ‘yeo (呂)’-character and ‘cheol (凸)’-character shaped dwellings came to be found in the Hoseo and Honam regions.