고려사의 北方語 성씨 石抹에 대하여

A Study on the Khitan Surname Shimo (石抹) and its Usage in Goryeo Dynasty Sources

고려의 역사서에는 북방어의 성씨 ‘石抹’이 등장한다. 요사(遼史) ｢국어해｣(國語解)에 ‘述律’이 등장하는데, 한성(漢姓, 중국식 姓)으로는 ‘蕭’라고 하였다. 요(遼)의 황족(皇族) 가운데 남성은 ‘耶律’을, 황후족(皇后族)은 바로 이 ‘蕭’姓을 사용하였다. 그런데 요가 멸망하자 ‘述律’을 ‘石抹’로 바꾸어 활동하였다. 청(淸)의 건륭(乾隆) 47년(1782) 편찬된 요금원삼사국어해(遼金元三史國語解)(전46권)에 의하면 ‘述律’은 /šuru/(슈루), ‘石抹’은 /šumuru/ (슈무루)라고 만주어로 전사(transliteration)되기 때문에 음성적 유사성이 확인된다. 한편 고려의 역사서에는 고려가 요(遼)와 교류할 때 ‘述律’의 중국식 성인 ‘蕭’가 나타난다. 그런데 몽골(元)과 교류할 때는 몽골인 가운데 ‘石抹’의 성씨가 등장한다. 이는 ‘述律’을 ‘石抹’로 고쳤기 때문이다. 이 ‘石抹’은 조선의 개국 후에 발급한 개국원종공신녹권(開國原從功臣錄券)(1395)에도 나타난다. 이후 조선에 정착한 ‘石抹’은 조선의 성씨가 되어 조선후기의 문헌에 등장한다. 하지만 ‘石抹’의 문자가 와전되어 ‘㸴’씨가 되고, 그 음도 소[牛]를 /쇼/라고한다는 착상을 불러 일으켰다.

In the sources of the Goryeo dynasty, a particular surname Shimo / Seokmal(石抹) often appears. According to the Explanation of Nomenclature (guoyujie 國語解) Chapter in the Official History of the Liao (Liaoshi 遼史), there is a surname Shulü (述律) which was written as Xiao (蕭) in Chinese characters. The male members of the Liao imperial clan adopted the surname Yelü (耶律), and some members of the empress clan used Xiao (蕭) as their surname. After the fall of the Liao, the surname Shulü (述律) was changed to Shimo (石抹). According to the Imperial Dynastic Language Glossaries in the Liao, Jin and Yuan Histories (Qinding Liao, Jin, Yuan sanshi guoyu jie 欽定遼金元三史國語解，46 volumes, completed in the 47th year of the Qianlongera, 1782), the pronunciation of the surname Shulü was transliterated in Manchuas šuru, and Shimo as šumuru. This shows that the two surnames were phonetically identical. On the other hand, in historical sources of the Goryeo dynasty, the Chinese equivalent of the surname Shulü, the Han Chinese style surname Xiao (蕭), also appears in the names of embassies between the Liao and Goryeo. In addition, a few people from the Yuan who maintained contact with the Goryeo people also had the surname Shimo. The use of the surname Shimo is due to the change from Shulü to Shimo. The surname Shimo is also the surname of many officials found in the List of Records of the Original Meritorious Officials on the Founding of the Dynasty (Gaeguk wonjong gongsin rok gwon, 開國原從 功臣錄券), the list of meritorious official recognized in the founding of theJoseon dynasty. Later, the surname Shimo became a common surname of the Joseon dynasty - pronounced as Seokmal in Korean, as evident in the various sources of the Joseon dynasty. However, the character Shimo was mis-written as character 㸴 (CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3E34), and the sound was mislead to be so/syo (소/쇼, equivalent to the Korean reading of the character 牛 at this time).