19세기 말 충청도 提川鄕約과 향약에서의 동학농민군 대응 양상

A Study on Jecheon Hyangyak(堤川鄕約) in Chungcheongdo responses to the Donghak Peasant Army in The Late 19th Century

Jecheon Hyangyak(堤川鄕約) in Chungcheongdo, implemented in 1894, was Juhyeon Hyangyak(州縣鄕約), and to respond to the Donghak peasant movement developed in the 1890s, Hyangyak was administered by an observer led by an observer to distribute them to Myeonri(面里), the lowest administrative district. Jecheon Hyangyak was promulgated to eight Myeon(面) of Jecheonhyeon(堤川縣) and the jurisdiction of Jecheonhyeon under the direction of Lee Heon-yeong, who served as an observer in Chungcheongdo in 1894. At that time, the situation in Chungcheongdo was experiencing an unprecedented crisis, such as the spread of the Donghak(東學), the increase in the activities of the peasant army, and the outbreak of a battle between the Qing dynasty army and Japanese army. Accordingly, Lee Heon-young made the first priority to minimize the damage to the village society and to stabilize the livelihood of the local community through the use of Hyangyak. The basic content of Jecheon Hyangyak was the cultivation of customs with Confucian virtue. The composition of the executives of Jecheon Hyangyak was to reflect the intention of the government, and a kind of local administration system was established that leads to “Tongsu(統首) → Dongyakjang(洞約長) → Myeonyakjang(面約長) →Doyagjang(都約長) → Gwan(官)”. In this way, instructions from the observer or the leader and administrative measures were delivered step by step and finally reached the local residents of each house. Jecheon Hyangyak was combined with the Ogajagtongje(五家作統制) and operated as the center of defense of the local community. It is judged that all local residents should have participated in Ogajaktongje, and the organizational organization in the region responding to the Donghak Peasant Army and a mutual monitoring system between residents were established. However, due to doubts about the local Donghak, not everyone was included in the operation, and those who were suspicious due to Hyangyak could be expelled from the region. When the region was attacked by the Donghak peasant army, the basic guideline for responding to Jecheon Hyangyak was the establishment of Miltonggun(密通軍) based on mutual solidarity between the local residents. At this time, the scope of the response was in units of government, and the principle of Ogajagtongje was also adopted in the composition of Miltonggun. However, fearing the counterattack of the Donghak peasant army, the focus was on defense and mercury rather than attack. On the other hand, there were residents who did not participate in the control of Hyangyak and miscellaneous goods in the region, and in this case, the executives were punished to give a sense of responsibility for urging participation. In the light of other regional cases, this Jecheon Hyangyak is believed to have had some effect as a countermeasure against the Donghak peasant army.