正祖代 軍制改革論과 守摠兩營 統合政策

Renovation of the Military system and integration scheme of Sueocheong(守禦廳) and Chongyungcheong(摠戎廳) during the Jungjoe regime

As the national defense system was concentrated on the capital because of suffering from both wars of Imjinwaeran and Byeongjahoran, so-called system of 5gunyeong(五軍營) was beginning to setup such as Hullyeondogam(訓練都監)․Eoyeongcheong(御營廳)․Chongyungcheong․ Sueocheong․Geumwiyeong(禁衛營) by Samsusogobeop(三手 束伍法) until King Sookjong. 3gunmun(三軍門) including Hullyeondogam․Eoyeongcheong and Geumwiyeong were responsible for the defense of the royal palace or the capital. These 3gunmun together with Eoyeongcheong defending guard for the Namhan fortress, and Chongyungcheong for Bukhan fortress assumed the responsibility of defense for the Gyeonggi area as military base taking care of surroundings of the capital. Despite the fact that Five Military Commands made up of hundreds of thousands of soldiers consumed much of the national funds, its efficiency for the training was not high but to increase the troubles. Right after his accession, King Jungjoe intended to increase the national funds and innovate the Five Military Commands which was merely private soldiers for Noron(老論) which was driven to reform th military system as 5wi(五衛) for the purpose of implementing the reform of the military structure. There existed a large number of soldiers unnecessary in 5gunyeong system at that time, leading to the enormous plight for the national funds because of the their payments. Eventually it was understood that only the reduction of the military base could be the solution to the relief to the people and infrastructure. This idea of King Jungjoe was considered accepting various kinds of complaints for the military reforms and some of the demands from the contemporary pragmatist like Song Gyu-Bin(宋奎斌) who advocated of renovation of the national defense. His scheme was to cut financial assistance for each military base or to integrate the bases relating to the powers of the Noron in order to strengthen his power. King Through expansion of his security system ever since his accession, Jungjoe had increased his own military power and set up Jangyongyeong(壯勇營, Royal Guards) as security guard. The installation of Jangyongyeong enabled key military forces to their transfer along with selection of the new military men. Consequently Jangyongyeong as his security guard gave absolute impact for the intensification of the King’s power and provided easy financial aids to the new system, necessitating the downsizing the 5gunyeong. Accepting the various kinds of opinions right after his accession, February in 1778, King Jungjoe ordered the discussion over the integration of Chongyungcheong and Sueocheong responsible for the defending the capital surrounding. In spite of the order from the king, its discussion was discontinued because of insufficient positions for a large number of military officers. As the continuous ill effects from the bases and spending of the finance of the nation aggravated, the king proceeded to integrate the bases responsible for the surrounding area of the capital. As a result, he put Tongeoyeong(統禦營) and Jinmuyeong(鎭撫營) together whose duty were to defend for the Kanghwa region. After a series of policies, he continued to have them talk over the integration of the two bases, and finally they were made into one military base in August 1795, His scheme of defense intensification was aimed to reduce the bases unnecessary and nourish the powerful forces by the systematic training. His plan worked out owing to the installation of Jangyongyeong, automatically weakening power of the Five Military Commands associated with Noron opposite to his politics and at the same time intensifying his own power. The reason was that the integration of the military bases for the defense of the outer part of the capital was linked with the construction of the new town of Hwasung in the long run to secure the initial finances for the nation. He had the outer units of Jangyongyeong positi