靑銅器∼初期 鐵器時代 遼寧∼韓半島 地域 環鈕無文銅鈴(銅鐸)의 展開와 副葬 脈絡

The development and burial context of the circular knob coarse bronze bell of the Liaoning-Korean peninsula region during the Bronze and early Iron age

동탁은 군사와 정령 발포에 사용하던 신호기이자 경계구로서, 사용 방식이 한국에서 기존에 동탁이라 불러왔던 것과 전혀 다르다. 여기에서는 이러한 점과 함께 기존에 ‘동탁’이라 불러왔던 것의 형태와 구조적 속성을 고려하여 이를 환뉴무문동령이라 명명하였다. 환뉴무문동령은 청동기시대 말기∼초기 철기시대 요령과 한반도 지역에 분포하고 있는데, 환뉴의 구체적인 속성, 구부의 만입과 수평 여부, 신부의 입면 형태, 신부 천공(형지공)의 위치를 기준으로 과목수영자식(AIai식)·상리식(AIIaii식)·괴정동식(AIIaiii식)·부조예군묘식(AIIbii식)·평리동식(BIIaii식)으로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 과목수영자식은 기원전 5∼4세기 요서 지역에, 상리식은 기원전 2세기 말∼기원후 1세기 말 서북한을 중심으로 하여 경상도 일부 지역에, 괴정동식은 기원전 3∼2세기 충남 지역에, 평리동식은 기원후 1세기 경상도 내륙 지역에 분포한다. 과목수영자식에서 괴정동식과 상리식이 각각 파생되었고, 상리식에 한식 청동말방울의 속성이 복합되면서 부조예군묘식과 평리동식이 각각 파생되었다. 요서의 과목수영자식·평양 일대의 상리식과 부조예군묘식·충남의 괴정동식은 청동예악기이자 위세품으로서 부장된 것이지만, 경상도 지역의 것들은 낙랑 문물의 수용과 관련하여 원래의 기능과 목적을 상실한 채 상징적으로 부장된 것들이다.

The usage of the bronze bell which was used in the military and in the proclamation of government ordinances as a signal tool and warning tool, was completely different from what was previously known as the bronze bell in Korea. Here, in consideration of these points and the shape and structural characteristics of the previously called bronze bell I have renamed it as the circular knob coarse bronze bell. The circular knob coarse bronze bell is distributed in the Liaoning and Korean peninsula region during the late Bronze and early Iron age and it can be divided into the Guomushuyingzi style(AⅠai), Shanglishi style(AⅡaii), Guitingdong style(AⅡaii), Guitingdong style(AⅡaiii), Fuzuyezun style(AⅡbii) and the Pinglidong styles(BⅡaii) according to the attributes of the circular knob, the curvature or straightness of the mouth, the shape of the body and the location of the hole in the body which is related to the casting technology. The Guomushuyingzi style is distributed in the Liaoxi area during the B.C. 5th-4th century, the Shanglishi style is distributed around the northwestern Korean peninsula and also parts of Kyeongsangdo province during the late 2nd century B.C. to the late 1st century A.D., the Guitingdong style is distributed in the Chungcheong province area during the B.C. 3rd to 2nd century and the Pinglidong style is distributed in inner Kyeongsangdo province during the A.D. 1st century. The Guitingdong style and the Shanglishi style were derived from the Guomushuyingzi style and the Fuzuyezun style and the Pinglidong styles were derived from the attributes of the Han style bronze horse bells being added to the Shanglishi style. The Guomushuyingzi style of Liaoxi, the Shanglishi style and the Fuzuyezun style of Pyongyang and the Guitingdong style of southern Chungcheong province were buried as bronze ritual vessels and prestige goods, but those of Kyeongsangdo province, in relation to the accomodation of Lelang culture, the original functions and purposes were lost and were merely buried as symbolic objects.