1960-70년대 경인공업지대의 형성과 노동생산성

Formation of Gyeongin Industrial Zone and Labor Productivity in the 1960s and 1970s

이 글은 경인공업지대의 조성과 노동생산성을 분석하였다. 1960-70년대 한국경제성장의 근간을 이룬 것은 바로 수출지향적 공업화와 높은 노동생산성이라고 할 수 있다. 수출지향적 공업화전략과 높은 노동생산성은 박정희 정부의 엄혹한 군대식 규율사회를 바탕으로 하고 있다. 1960-70년대 당시 상황을 살펴보면 한국의 높은 노동생산성은 몇 가지 요소가 결합된 결과라고 볼 수 있다. 첫째 수출지향적공업화로서, 박정희는 1965년 연두교서에서 “수출이 아니면 죽음을 달라”라고 하였다. 박정희 정부 입장에서는 수출만이 살길이었다. 박정희 정부는 수출지향적공업화에 한국경제의 모든 것을 희생해서라도 이루어야 할 과업이었다. 둘째 생계비와 높은 노동생산성으로서, 한국의 이촌향도한 이주자들이 도시 공업지대의 노동자로 재구성되는 과정에서 부딪힌 문제는 도시적 현상과 맞물려 있는 부족한 주거의 전세, 월세 등 도시공업지역의 노동자들은 생계비를 감당하기 위해서는 ‘초과 노동’, ‘잔업’ 등을 해야만 했다. 도시노동자들의 생계비 마련을 위한 초과노동, 잔업, 도급계약 등이 높은 노동생산성을 유발하였다. 셋째 박정희 정부는 수출지향적 공업화를 추진하기 위해서 사회를 군대식의 규율권력으로 관리, 통제하였다. 박정희 정부의 규율화는 수출지향적 공업화의 필요조건이었으며, 높은 노동생산성의 필요조건이었다.

This study analyzed the composition and labor productivity of Gyeongin Industrial Zone. The remarkable high growth of the Korean economy in the 1960s and 1970s is recognized by the world. It can be said that export-oriented industrialization and high labor productivity were the foundations of Korea s economic growth at that time. Export-oriented industrialization strategy and high labor productivity are closely related to each other. These two are based on the strict military-style disciplined society of the Park Chung-hee government. Looking at the situation in the 1960s and 1970s, Korea s high labor productivity can be seen as the result of a combination of several factors. First, as export-oriented industrialization, the Park Chung-hee government promoted the five-year economic development plan from 1962, but failed to produce results, so a supplementary plan was formulated in 1963 and announced in 1964. The core of the security plan was export-oriented industrialization, and it was from 1965 that the supplementary plan was actually implemented. In the State of the Union Address in 1965, Park Chung-hee said, “Give me death if it is not for export.” For the Park Chung-hee government, exports were the only way to survive. The Park Chung-hee government was tasked with sacrificing everything in the Korean economy for export-oriented industrialization. Second, as the cost of living and high labor productivity, the problem encountered in the process of reorganization of Korean immigrants from remote villages as workers in urban industrial areas is that workers in urban industrial areas, such as the insufficient housing jeonse and monthly rent, which are intertwined with the urban phenomenon, cannot afford the cost of living. In order to do this, they had to work overtime and overtime . Overtime work, overtime work, and subcontract contracts for urban workers to raise their living expenses caused high labor productivity. Third, the Park Chung-hee government managed and controlled society as a military-style discipline in order to promote export-oriented industrialization. The regulation of the Park Chung-hee government can be said to be a military-style mobilization that can succeed in export-oriented industrialization, and is directly related to the high labor productivity of workers.