潛邸시기 쿠빌라이의 漢地경영과 세력형성

Khubilai’s management of the Han territory and formation of power during Pre-Qa an Period: A Reexamination of his Sinicization

This paper examines the purpose, implementation process, and results of various policies that Khubilai carried out while ruling as governor of the Han territory, such as Han territory management, composition of government staff, analyzes the causes and factors involved in the conflict between Khubilai and Möngke toward the end of Möngke’s rule, and shows that, during his pre-Qa an period, Khubilai did not incline toward Sinicization but rather always maintained a neutral, open, and practical attitude during his Han territory rule and the process of expanding his rule. After Möngke became Qa an, Khubilai was appointed governor of the Han territory (漢地). He actively utilized the Han law (漢法) to promote efficient management of the Han territory for the purpose of building a military base in order to prepare for an expedition against the Southern Song Dynasty. In other words, the Han law was the most effective means that Khubilai adopted to obtain the human and material resources needed to carry out his war in the Han territory. Furthermore, efficient Han territory management through the implementation of the Han law was in line with Möngke s plan of subjugating the Southern Song Dynasty. During his pre-Khan period, Khubilai was not mesmerized by Confucianism or the Han culture, and he did not trust or promote Han scholars (漢人儒士) to important positions. He only selected people who had practical knowledge and talent that could help him with his political and military activities into his staff. Because he did not put racial or religious restrictions in the appointment of talented individuals, his staff included not only Han people but also various non-Han people (非漢人) as well. After Khubilai was appointed governor of the Han territory, he successfully carried out his Han territory management and conquest of Dali (大理), thus becoming popular among the Hans and the Mongol ruling class. Emboldened by these achievements, he sometimes exceeded his authority and indulged in unlawful activities. His actions caused Möngke to distrust him and, as a result, Möngke severely restricted Khubilai’s governorship, excluded him from the expedition against the Southern Song Dynasty, and brought about a drastic diminution of Khubilai’s power. Therefore, the conflict between the two brothers need to be understood not as a collision of political forces between those favoring settlement life (定住派) and those favoring nomadic life (遊牧派) but rather as a power struggle within the Mongol ruling class.