重庵 金平黙의 文學觀 形成과 文學認識

Constitute of Literature and Literature Theory of Chung-am Kim, Pyong-Muk

본고는 근대계몽기시기 지배계층의 문학이던 한문학에 능숙한 문학 작가 중 위정척사의 중심인물인 重庵 金平黙(1819~1891)의 문학관 형성과 문학인식을 연구한 결과물이다. 중암은 조선왕조가 국권상실의 위기 속에 역사적 격변을 직면하고 있던 시기에 활동한 인물이다. 중암이 속한 화서학파는 상소문와 擧義를 통한 적극적인 척사 전개를 주장하였다. 중암은 개화기 수구파를 대표하는 역할과 의리론에 독자적인 입장을 철저하고 일관성 있게 추구하였다. 중암은 문학에서 당시 낙론계 문학가들과 대비되는 인물이다. 낙론계 문인인 兪莘煥 · 徐應淳章錫· 金洛鉉· 金允植 등은 근대 계몽기 적극적인 개방을 통해 서양의 문물을 수용하고자 하였지만, 화서학파였던 중암은 오히려 서양 문물의 배척과 문호를 폐쇄하는 수구론을 주장하며 이들과 대립하였다. 중암은 문학의 궁극적 목표를 도덕적 수양에 두었다. 程· 朱가 확정한 윤리는 반드시 실천해야할 규칙임을 주장하였고 문학과 성리학을 분리하거나 동등한 가치로 인정하기 보다는 오히려 도학을 최상의 가치로 여겼고, 문학은 수단에 불과함을 주장하며 과거 정통 성리학자들의 문학관과 같은 궤도를 답습하고 있는바, ‘文藝爲末’로 요약할 수 있어 조선조 일반적 성리학자들의 문학관을 철저히 따르고 있다. 그의 문학관은 당시 외세 침입에 저항하기 위해 성리학의 道義를 실천하려는 강한 열망을 내포하고 있으며, 보수적· 도학적 관점을 벗어나지 못한 한계점이라 할 수 있다.

This treatise is the outcome that studies on classical Chinese prose in the modern period of enlightenment through, among intellectuals in that period, literature writers proficient in Chinese classics in particular which had been the primary literature of the governing classes. And by looking over the literary works of Chung-am Kim, Pyong-Muk(1819~1891) who was the central figure of Uijeung-cheoksa(the doctrine of depending orthodoxy and rejection heterodoxy) in the late Chosun Dynasty, it examines a way of the realistic countermeasures at that time. Chung-am is the person who played an active part in the chaotic age in the Chosun Dynasty that was facing the crisis of the loss of national rights. Though, by that time, Chosun regarded China as the sole leader of the world, ‘the imperialism of Western nations , a newly appeared system on the history, imposed more challenge and pressure on Chosun than ever before. And not only as the absolute governing principle but as the social leading moral law, the Neo-Confucianism started to lost its authority and prestige. As the central figure at that turbulent period, Chung-am played the most prominent part as leading the expulsion of wickedness movements of the school of HwaSeo Lee, Hang-No. The school of HwaSeo that he involved in asserted aggressively driving out wickedness with petitions to the Throne or resistance to the foreign powers. The school of HwaSeo designed to protect the traditional culture of Confucianism as arguing the orthodoxy of Neo-Confucianism and, brought up the strongest expulsion theory against the armed aggression of France in western Invasion that formed Prior to the Foreign Disturbance of 1866. When treaty between Chosun-Japsen of 1876 was concluded with armed Japan. Chung-am is the person who is differ from the school of Lssk Non(Neo-Confucian thought of Laack school) in the period of Enlightenment. Scholars including Yu, Sin-Hwan, Seo, Un-soon, Han, Jang-suk, Kim, Laak-Hyn, Kim, Yoon-sik etc. in the school of Lssk Non took an important role at which Chosun was transferred into the period of Enlightenment. They intended to accept Western civilization by positive open. Chung-am, however, a man of the school of HwaSeo persisted the conservatism that exclude the Western culture and close the door, and was opposed to those school. Chung-am consistently adhered to despise of literature. He held the thought in common with the general Neo-Confucianist about literature. Concretely speaking, he had the posture of Dobon-Munmal(the basis of Neo-Confucianism and despise of literature) of Neo-Confucianist. Chung-am emphasized that un ultimate aim of literature is improving the morality and literature is nothing but a means of serving the Neo- Confucianism.