문법적 전이와 문법적 은유에 대한 재고

Reconsideration on the Figurative Language and Grammatical Metaphor

This paper deals with the notion of grammatical metaphors. Our starting point is the analyses of M.A.K. Halliday(1985) and E.I. Shendels(1972). Traditionally, a metaphor has been viewed as a variation in the use of words, i.e. a variation in meaning. Expanding the traditional definition of a metaphor, Halliday defines grammatical metaphors as variation in the expression of meanings . Furthermore, he distinguished between two types of grammatical metaphors: ideational metaphors, which have to do with alternative ways of construing reality, and interpersonal metaphors, which offer alternative possibilities of expressing modal meanings (metaphors of modality), or exchanging commands (metaphors of mood). In Russian linguistics, the term grammatical metaphor was first introduced by E.I. Shendels. According to Shendels, a lexical metaphor is based on the transfer of the name of one object to another due to some common ground. The same mechanism works in the formation of the grammatical metaphor. Thus the grammatical metaphor is a transposition of a grammatical form from one type of grammatical relations to another. As in the case of the lexical metaphor, the grammatical metaphor violates conventionality and creates new connotations. Such concept of the grammatical metaphor is closer to the traditional concept of metaphors. Hence, on the basis of previous studies, we define grammatical metaphors as a transposition of forms of the grammatical categories, i.e. the use of grammatical forms in an unusual function to create a figurative meaning. In this article, we briefly examined the conversion of such grammatical categories as person, number, gender, mood, as well as personal/impersonal and transitive/intransitive verbs.