러시아어와 폴란드어의 수동구문 비교

The passive in Russian and Polish

The Russian and Polish passive constructions have many different characteristics, although two languages are very close linguistically as well as geographically. First, Russian passive voice is based on both the passive past participle and the reflexive passive, whereas Polish passive voice is exclusively related to the past passive participle. The Polish passive construction has ‘przez + acc’ as an Agent marker and the Russian passive construction has an Agent marker of the instrumental case that also serves as a marker of a different semantic role as Instrument. In addition, the Polish passive sentence must have an auxiliary verb być or zostać indicating grammatical categories such as Person and Tense. Second, the passive constructions with the predicates derived from intransitive verbs are often found in Polish as well as in many other Slavic languages. Such constructions are exceptional in the Russian language. Third, the imperfective past passive participles are used in Polish, whereas they are not allowed in Russian, where the reflexive serves as an imperfective counterpart to the perfective passive of past participle. The imperfective verbs in the passive past participle are also found in the other Slavic languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Czech. Fourth, the distinction between actional and state readings in the passive construction is made by means of the auxiliary verbs in Polish. Namely, the auxiliary verb zostać leads to an actional reading, while być can get either actional or state readings depending on the aspect of the main predicate. However, the actional or state reading of the Russian passive predicates can be done just by the contexts or the use of temporal or spatial adjuncts. Fifth, the reflexive can be used in the Russian passive sentences, but the Polish reflexive passive is not possible. Instead the Polish reflexive has an anticausative reading. The reflexive is a subcategory of passive voice in Russian, but it is considered as one of voices in Polish. Sixth, the Patient can have the accusative case in Polish impersonal reflexives and –no/to constructions. In the Russian language –no/to constructions are found just in the Northern dialects and the impersonal reflexives are not found.