중국 검찰 수사권 행사규칙에 대한 검토

Discussion on the Operating Rules of China s Prosecutorial Investigation Power

수사는 공소의 준비 단계로 공소권의 필요에 복무한다. 수사와 공소의 내재적 연관성에따라 검찰 수사권 배치 문제는 세계 각국의 관심사이다. 중국의 검찰 수사권 체계는 직접수사권, 기동수사권, 보강수사권세부분으로구성된다. 현재중국은검찰수사권체제개혁 과정에서 직무범죄의 전속 관할권을 감찰기관에 이전하고, 사법요원과 관련된 14개 직무범죄에대한검찰기관의직접수사권만유지하면서공안기관이관할하에있는국가기관공무원이 직권으로 저지른 중대 범죄사건의 기동 수사권과 공안기관·감찰기관 이송사건에대한보강수사권을개정하였다. 따라서현재중국의검찰수사권체계가더욱축소돼검찰기관이 법적 감독의 본업에 입각해 수사 활동을 할 수 있게 됐다. 2018년 중국의 새 검찰수사권이확립된 이래지속적으로검찰수사권 조정과검찰체제개혁을 추진해 중화인민공화국 형사소송법 , 인민 검찰원 형사소송규칙 , 인민 검찰원의 사법요원 입건 수사 관련 직무범죄사건에 관한 약간의 문제 규정 , 보강수사 강화 및 규범에 관한 지도의견 등검찰수사관련법제도를개정·보완하면서검찰수사권이비교적크게발전하였다. 하지만새 규칙에 대한 이해의 편차와 보조 조치의 미비로 인해 사법실무에서 새로운 상황 및 문제점이 끊임없이 나타나고 있다. 예를 들면, 직접 수사권과 자체 보강 수사권이 확장되는양상을 보이면서 기동 수사권이 “휴면” 상태에 빠졌다. 이에 따라 이 글은 중국 검찰체제개혁의시각에서현재의검찰수사권행사규칙과실무상황을면밀히검토해문제점을분석하는동시에 검찰수사권 개선의실효성 있는대안을제시함으로써 중국검찰 수사권의규범적 적용에 대한 참고의견을 제시한다.

The investigation is the preparatory stage of the prosecution, serveing the needs of the prosecutorial right. Based on the internal connection between investigation and public prosecution, the allocation of the prosecutorial investigation power has become the concerns of all the nations in the world. China s prosecutorial investigation power system consists of three parts: direct investigation power, flexible investigation power and supplementary investigation power. In the process of the supervisory systems reforming, China prosecutors has transferred the exclusive jurisdiction of official crimes to the supervisory committees, retains the direct investigation power of 14 types of official crimes concerning the judicial staff, the flexible investigation power for the major criminal cases committed by the staff of state agencies under the jurisdiction of the public security organs and the supplementary investigation power for cases transferred by public security organs and supervision committees have also been updated. Since the establishment of new procuratorial investigation power in 2018,China has continued to push on the reform of the procuratorial system to construction the procuratorial investigation power, and amended a series of laws, such as Criminal Procedure Law of the People s Republic of China, Rules of Criminal Procedure of the People s Procuratorate, Regulations on Several Issues concerning the People s Procuratorate Filing and investigating official crimes related to judicial staff, and Guiding Opinions on Strengthening and Standardizing Supplementary Investigation Work.At present, China s prosecutorial investigation power has been further defined, enabling China prosecutors to carry out investigative activities, which is established in the main business of legal supervision. However, due to the deviation of the understanding of the new rules and the imperfect supporting measures, new situations and new problems have continuously emerged in practice of investigation. For example, the direct investigation power and the self-supplementary investigation power are showing a tendency to expand, and the flexible investigation power falls into a dormant vision. To this end, this article, from the perspective of procuratorial system reform, first conducts a profound study of the current operating rules and practices of China s procuratorial investigation power, then analyzes the existing problems, and finally proposes effective countermeasures, hoping to provide opinions to further standardize the application of procuratorial investigation power for reference.