고려청자에 나타난 중국자기의 특징과 상관성에 관한 연구

A Study on Characteristics and Correlationship of China Porcelains Appearing in Goryeo Celadon

한국과 중국은 역사 이래로 상호 문화의 교류가 오래된 국가로, 도자문화에 있어서 뛰어난 미적 창출능력과 그 제작 기술이 높이 평가되고 왔다. 특히 중국은 도자의 종주국으로서 우수한 문화를 형성하여 한국에도 많은 영향을 주었다고 인식하고 있으며, 그 중에서도 청자의 영향과 교류는 양국 문화교류에 있어서 상당한 비중을 차지하고 대표하는 중요한 사례라고 할 수 있다. 현재까지 나타난 바에 의하면, 고려청자에 영향을 준 것으로 보여 지는 대표적인 도요지로 중국 북방의 여관요, 요주요, 자주요와 중국 남방의 월주요, 용천요 등으로 알려지고 있으며, 실제로 중국 송대의 여러 청자요지에서 파생된 청자 제작 기술과 장식기법 등은 고려청자 발전 과정에서도 많은 영향으로 보여져왔고 이후 양국 도자 사료에 있어서도 다양한 양상으로 나타나고 있다. 특히 북송대의 관요로 일컬어지는 대표적인 가마들인 보풍청량사요, 문묘여관요, 장공항요 등에 대한 기초조사는 고려자기와의 관계, 그리고 각 요지별 도자의 양식과 이들의 상관성을 이해하는데 필수적이라고 사료되어 기본적인 고증 자료와 문헌 등을 통해 전반적인 이해를 도모하고 대표적인 요지들에서 나타난 도자의 특징과 고려청자와의 상관관계를 고찰하고자 한다. 또한 고려청자와 북송 청자의 실증적 사례를 들어 여관요, 여주요의 청자 기형과 문양, 유사형태 기물 등을 비교하여 고려청자가 발전하는데 있어서 상호 어떤 연관성이 있는지 살펴보고, 이를 바탕으로 고려청자의 근원과 변화의 근거와 체계를 적립함은 물론 앞으로 전통 청자의 올바른 인식과 발전적 방안을 찾고자 한다.

Korea and China have been exchanging mutual cultures since ancient times, and both countries have been highly appreciated for their porcelain culture as well as for their excellent aesthetic ability. Especially, China has formed a good culture as a suzerain state for porcelains, which has had a great influence on Korea. Among them, the influence and exchange of porcelains are a significant part of the culture for both countries and are an important example of representative cultural exchange between the two countries. As is generally well known, in the first half of the 12th century, Goryeo produced excellent porcelains with celadon color, and it cannot be denied that this reflects some influence of China Song dynasty. However, the influx of China porcelain culture seems to need tangible presentation not only in the record but also in various areas such as formative beauty and patterns. For this purpose, historical materials and literature data centered on the major celadon sites in China Song, which contemporarily had many cultural exchanges with Goryeo dynasty, are required to be surveyed with relics produced at that time. And it is also necessary to do research on the firing method, fabrication technique, shapes and decoration method in major sites of South Song and North Song. Therefore, in recognizing the fact that celadon in the Goryeo era are influenced by China as presupposed, this study attempts to logically find similarities and original aspects with China porcelains as a basis for succession and development of our traditional culture by examining the characteristics of Goryeo celadons and China porcelains in various areas and presenting the correlations, through various Chinese historical materials and literature data on major sites of porcelains and excavated artifacts of Song dynasty in China. The characteristics of early Goryeo porcelains appearing from the late 10th to the early 11th century show diverse aspects such as the simultaneous production of brick kiln, celadons and white porcelains by the influence of kiln in northern and southern China, the start of biscuit firing, the stacked-firing method according to the use of fireproof clay bases, and the emergence of inlaying technique and oxidized steel painting technique, etc. However, in the end of the 11th and the early 12th centuries, Jin dynasty emerged in China, which became the occasion that northern China porcelains had much influence on Goryeo celadons. According to the previous studies, those representative sites of porcelains that have influenced celadons in the middle of the Goryeo dynasty can be referred to Dingyao, Yaozhouyao, Ruguanyao, Cizhouyao in northern China and Wuezhouyao, Jingdezhenyao and Longquanyao in southern China. In conclusion, celadons fabrication techniques and decorations derived from sites of various China porcelains of North Song and South Song were influential in the development of Goryeo celadons, demonstrating diverse aspects in exchange of porcelains between the two countries.