關於中國磁州窯裝飾技法的研究

Research on Decorative Technique of Chinese Chizhou Kiln

磁州窯是中國著名的民間瓷窯，磁州窯與邢窯1)、定窯2)統稱為中國河北古代三大名窯。因其窯址在今河北 邯鄲郫磁縣的觀台鎮與彭城鎮一帶，磁縣宋代屬磁州，故名磁州窯。其風格粗狂豪放，奔放灑脫，具有極為 鮮明、淳樸的民窯特色。其裝飾將陶瓷技藝與文化、美術揉融在一起，將陶瓷器物提升到了一個嶄新的藝術 境界，開啟了陶瓷彩繪裝飾的先河，為宋及以後青花與五彩瓷的出現奠定了基礎。在國內外制瓷領域產生了 廣泛的影響，在中國甚至在世界瓷藝發展史上，都佔有相當重要的地位。 磁州窯的燒陶制瓷歷史源遠流長。古代磁州地域即今河北邯鄲的峰峰礦區、磁縣和武安等地，早在七千五 百年前的新石器早期先民們就已經能夠燒制陶器，這一地區曾多有發現仰紹文化時期的彩陶、龍山文化時期 的黑陶及商周的灰陶和戰國印紋硬陶;並已出現了制陶作坊，標誌著制陶的生產已初具規模。漢代磁州的釉陶 臻于成熟，魏晉和南北朝時期已完成了釉陶向粗瓷青瓷的轉化，開始燒制白瓷。隋唐五代的化妝白瓷在工藝 技術上更趨成熟，胎釉蔚為大觀。宋代磁州窯進入鼎盛，並躍然成為中國最大的民間窯系。

Cizhou Kiln is one of the famous folk kilns in China, and Cizhou Kiln, Xing Kiln and Ding Kiln are three the most famous ancient kilns in Hebei of China. Because its kiln site is in the area of Guantai Town and Pengcheng of Handan and Danci’s county side, in Hebei, the Status of Cixian in the Song Dynasty is in Cizhou, so it’s named Cizhou kiln. Its style is bold and unrestrained, free and easy, with extremely bright and simple folk kiln characteristics. Its decoration combined ceramic techniques with culture and fine arts, promoted ceramic objects to a new artistic realm, opened the precedent of ceramic painting and decoration, and laid the foundation for the appearance of blue and white porcelain and colorful porcelain in the Song Dynasty and beyond.It has had a wide influence in the field of porcelain making at China and abroad, occupies a very important position in China and even in the history of porcelain making in the world. The ceramics of Cizhou kiln has a long history. Ancient Cizhou area, namely fengfeng mining area, Cixian county and Wuan area in today’s Handan, Hebei Province, as early as 7,500 years ago, early ancestors had been able to fire pottery. In this area, there were many finds of colored pottery of Yangshao culture period, black pottery of Longshan culture period, gray pottery of Shang and Zhou Dynasties period and hard pottery with warring States printing patterns. And there have found pottery workshops, indicating that the production of pottery has begun to take shape. The glazed pottery of Cizhou in the Han Dynasty reached maturity, and the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties had completed the transformation from glazed pottery to coarse porcelain celadon and began to fire white porcelain. The engobe white porcelain of Sui, Tang and Five dynasties became more mature in technology, and the fetal glaze became a great concept. Cizhou kiln in song Dynasty reached its peak and became the largest folk kiln in China.