중국 군사훈련의례의 역사적 전개에 대한 검토

Historical Study about Military training rituals in China

많은 수의 군사들을 동원하여 일정한 절차에 따라 시행하는 군사훈련은하나의 의식(ceremony)으로서 성격을 갖는다. 전근대 동아시아의 군사훈련도 의례이자 훈련으로서 수행되었다. 본고에서는 중국에서 군사훈련의례의 역사적 전개를 검토, 군사훈련이 군례로서 의례화되는 과정을 확인하고, 이를 통해 군례에 대한 이해를 심화하고자 하였다. 周代에는 매 계절마다 ‘훈련-사냥-제사’의 절차로 군사훈련의례를 시행하였다. 『주례』의 제도는 군사훈련의례의 이상으로 여겨졌다. 유교적 국가의례를 새롭게 五禮로 분류하고 체계화하였던 唐代에도 마찬가지였다. 당의 군사훈련의례는 큰 틀에서 『주례』의 제도를 계승하였지만, 『주례』와는달리 사냥훈련과 진법훈련의 두 가지로 나뉘었고, 구체적인 훈련 방식도『禮記』月令의 예제와 오행론의 이념에 따라 변경하였다. 그럼에도 당의 의례제도는 古制를 계승한 이상적 의례로 기억되었다. 당의 군사훈련의례는 이념적이고 형식적인 절차를 중요했다면, 송의 군사훈련의례는 군사훈련으로서 실질적인 기능을 중시했다. 이러한 변화는송대 武學의 설립과 武科의 시행, 그리고 이에 따른 兵學 발전과 관련이있다. 송의 사냥훈련의례는 군사훈련의례이기보다는 군신의례로 변화하고, 결국 정지되었던 것도 당시 군사환경에서 사냥훈련이 적합하지 않았기 때문이었다. 반면에 몽골은 칭기즈 칸의 시기부터 국가의 중대사로서 대사냥을 시행하였다. 원 건국이후로도 쿠빌라이는 전통적인 사냥을 현실에 따라 변화하여, 매년 兩都를 순행하며 자신을 수행한 케시크와 함께 사냥하였다. 이와 함께 지방관들도 각지에서 사냥하여 획득한 사냥물을 칸에게 바치도록 하여 의례적으로 전국적인 대사냥을 수행하였다. 북송 이래로 사냥의례가 거의 시행되지 않았던 상황에서 원의 대사냥은 군사훈련의례로서 사냥의 부활이었다.

Military training in which a large number of soldiers operate according to a predetermined procedure has the character as a ceremony in itself. So in the ancient society, military training was performed both as a ritual and as a training. In Chinese history, military training rituals changed according to the military and social systems of each period. This paper reviewed the changes of military training rituals in each period. In the Zhou, military training rites were stipulated in Rites of Zhou(周禮), which were conducted in the order of training-hunting-sacrificing every season. The military training rituals of Rites of Zhou was handed down to future generations as the ideal. At Tang Dynasty which newly classified and systematized the Confucian national rituals into five rituals, also basically inherited the Rites of Zhou. However, military training rituals were divided into two types, hunting training and Jinbeop(陣法 : battle formation) training, and the specific training contents were also changed based on the rites theory of the time. Nevertheless, the Tang Dynasty s military training rituals were inherited as a new ideal model. While the Tang Dynasty s military training rituals emphasized ideological and formal procedures, the military training rituals of the Song Dynasty emphasized practical functions as military training. These changes were related to the establishment of Muhak(武學: national academy of military science) in the Song dynasty, the implementation of Mugwa(武科:state examination of military officer), and the establishment of Byeonghak(兵學: military science). In the same context, the Song dynasty hunting rite gradually changed to a rite of loyalty between emperor and military officers rather than a military training ritual. at last it was stopped. On the other hand, Mongolia has been conducting great hunting as an important national work since the time of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan s great hunting was a military training and was for the order and harmony of the entire tribe, and it was also an economic activity for survival in winter. It was similar to ancient hunting rites. After the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai changed traditional hunting according to sitiation at that time. Every year, he toured the capital city and conducted a large-scale hunting with his imperial guards, Keshik, and along with this, local officials hunted in their territory and offered the game to the Khan. As a result, nationwide hunting was carried out as a ritual.