빠딴잘리 요가와 하타요가 문헌에 따르면 영웅좌는 크게 다섯 형태가 있는 것으로 파악된다. 첫 번째의 영웅좌(Type V1)는 샹까라와 바짜스빠띠 미쉬라가 설명했던 것으로 이른바, 반가부좌와 동일한 아사나이다. 두 번째의 영웅좌(Type V2)는 하타요가 문헌 및 하타요가 문헌을 인용했던 󰡔요가경󰡕의 주석자들이 설명했던 것으로 ‘한쪽 발(ex: 왼발)을 반대쪽(ex: 오른쪽) 허벅지 위에 올리고 다른 쪽 발(ex: 오른쪽)도 동일하게 반대쪽(ex: 왼쪽) 허벅지 위에 올리는 동작’ 즉 결가부좌(結跏趺坐)와 동일하다. 세 번째는 󰡔게란다상히따󰡕에서 설명된 영웅좌로 실제로는 영웅좌(Type V2)와 동일하지만 특정 단어에 대한 번역상의 오류로 인해 새롭게 창작된 영웅좌(Type V3)이다. 네 번째의 영웅좌는 자이나의 헤마짠뜨라가 설명했던 것으로 기마 자세로서의 영웅좌(Type V4)이다. 마지막은, 19세기 까나다(Kannaḍa) 문헌인 󰡔쉬리따뜨바니드히󰡕(ŚTN)에서 설명된 것으로 영웅좌(Type V2)와 동일하지만 그림으로 잘못 묘사된 영웅좌(Type V5)이다. 이 중에서 두 번째의 유형의 영웅좌(Type V2)는 그 자체로서도 중요하지만 바로 이 영웅좌에서 한 단계가 더 추가된 것이 연화좌(Padmāsana)와 행운좌(Bhadrāsana)를 비롯해서 수탉 체위(Kukkuṭāsana), 누운 거북 체위(Uttānakūrmāsana), 결박 공작 체위(Baddhamayūrāsana), 고락샤-좌(Gorakṣāsana), 요가-좌(Yogāsana)와 같은 여러 아사나의 기본 동작이라는 점에서 별도의 중요성을 지닌 것으로 판단된다. 다시 말해서 이 동작들은 모두 ‘영웅좌 Type V2’자세를 취한다는 점에서 동일하지만 그 이후의 동작들, 즉 ① 팔과 손의 모양과 위치 또는 ② 발을 접는 순서 그리고 ③ 몸통의 형태에 따라 구별된다. 본고에서는 먼저 영웅좌의 다양한 형태를 검토한 후 영웅좌(Type V2)에 기반을 둔 아사나의 형태를 검토하였다.
According to the Pātañjalayoga and Haṭhayoga, there are five types of Vīrāsana(Hero’s pose). The first type of Vīrāsana (Type V1) was explained by Śaṅkara and Vācaspati Miśra. This pose is a semi-cross-legged position with one foot on the opposite thigh. The second Vīrāsana (Type V2) was explained by the Haṭhayoga texts. This posture is a cross-legged position (結跏趺坐), that is, a posture with the left foot on the right thigh and the right foot on the left thigh. The third is the one described in Gheraṇḍasaṃhitā, which is the same as the second type of Vīrāsana (V2) described above, but is a newly created position(Type V3) due to misinterpreting a certain word. Among these, the second type of Vīrāsana (Type V2) is important in itself, but it is judged to have importance in that it is the basic pose of various āsanas such as Padmāsana, Bhadrāsana, Kukkuṭāsana, Uttānakūrmāsana, Baddhamayūrāsana, Gorakṣāsana, and Yogāsana. The Āsanas listed above are basically the same in that they take the ‘Vīrāsana Type V2’ pose, but are distinguished according to the subsequent movements, namely ① the shape and position of arms and hands, or ② the folding order of the feet, and ③ the shape of the body movement. In this paper, I classified various forms of the Vīrāsana, and then analyzed the various forms of ‘Āsanas based on the second type of the Vīrāsana (Type V2)’. First, the types of Vīrāsanas are summarized as follows. One controversial issue regarding the type of Heroes is Gheraṇḍasaṃhitā (GhS) II.17. ekapādam athaikasminvinyasedūrusaṃsthitam∣ itarasmiṃs thatā paścādvīrāsanam itīritam∥II.17 It is clear that the above verse is quoted from the Haṭhapradīpikā (HP), but a word ‘coruṃ’ in HP is replaced by the word ‘paścāt’ in GhS. However, I understood the word ‘paścāt’ as ‘after then’. In this case, the translation of the above verse is as follows: Place one foot on the thigh of the other foot ‘After then’ (paścāt) ‘same [as in the previous action]’ <tathā> to place [opposite foot] on the other [thigh] is known as the Vīrāsana. II.17 In this case, the Vīrāsana described in Gheraṇḍasaṃhitā is the same as the cross-legged seat (Vīrāsana Type V2). 2. Padmāsana The Padmāsana described in Pātañjalayoga and Haṭhayoga literature is based on the ‘Vīrāsana Type V2’, but it is divided into four types. As can be seen from the diagram above, Padmāsana is divided into four types based on the shape and postion of the arms and hands, but all are based on Vīrāsana Type V2. The first type of Bhadrāsana has the same movement (Type Bh1) as the Padmāsana (Type P1, 2), but differs in that the right foot is placed on the left thigh first, not the left foot. 4. Āsanas based on the Vīrāsana Type V2 Based on the discussion so far, the asanas based on the ‘Vīrāsana Type V2’ are summarized as follows.
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 영웅좌(Vīrāsana)
Ⅲ. 연화좌(Padmāsana)
Ⅳ. 행운좌(Bhadrāsana)
Ⅴ. 기타 아사나: 고락샤-좌, 요가좌, 결박 공작 체위, 수탉 체위, 누운 거북 체위
Ⅵ. 맺음말