授与補助表現｢~어 주다｣の日本語対応に関する一考察

A Study on the Benefactive Expression E Cwu-ta and its Japanese Correspondence

本稿は｢やる｣系の授与補助表現｢~어 주다｣の日本語対応に関する考察である。｢~어 주다｣は日本語で｢~てやる·あげる｣と無対応で現れる。前者では授与者が上位者であることを示す語用論的特性によって相互関係を観察し、後者ではいかなる要因が働くかを観察する。相互関係性は上下関係 ·親疎関係·性別に分けて使用頻度を中心にみるが、上下関係で上位者から下位者への表現には｢~てやる｣の使用率が高く、同等な関係では｢~てあげる｣が高い。特に上から下に用いられる｢~てあげる｣はより丁寧な場面で表れる。親疎関係では家族·親族間には｢~てやる｣、他人関係では｢~てあげる｣の使用率が高く、特に他人関係で上位者が下位者に用いる授与補助表現は相互の年齢差が大きい際に現れ易い。性別においては｢~てやる｣は男性が、｢~てあげる｣は女性が頻用し、女性は相手に友好的ではない際にも｢~てあげる｣が表れたりする。 また、韓日無対応での主な要因では当該の事態が重い話題の内容であったり、恩恵性が大きい動詞、口頭的行為の動詞、使役の意味の｢~어 주다｣の場合が挙げられる。

The present article analyses the ways in which the benefactive supporting verb e cwu-ta in Korean corresponds to teyaru in Japanese. E cwu-ta is used without any corresponding usage of teyaru/teageru in Japanese. In the former, I observe the interrelation based on the pragmatic property of the form, which indicates that the giver is socially superior to the recipient, whilst in the latter, I reveal the pertinent factors. The types of interrelation considered are the hierarchical relationship, the intimacy relationship, and the gender, with special focus on use frequencies. In the case of hierarchical relationships, a socially superior individual tends to use teyaru when he/she addresses a socially inferior individual. When the individuals involved are equal in terms of their social status, teageru is most frequently used. When a socially superior individual addresses a socially inferior individual, teageru tends to be used as a polite expression. In the case of intimacy relationships, teyaru is most frequently used among family members, whereas teageru is most frequently used among non-family, non-intimate members. In particular, in the latter case, a benefactive auxiliary supporting verb tends to be used when a socially superior individual addresses a socially inferior individual and their age difference is large. In the case of the gender, the males prefer teyaru, and the females teageru. When a female is not friendly to her addressee, teageru appears frequently. Also, in the cases where a Korean-Japanese correspondence is not observed, the primary factors are as follows: (i) the conversation topic in question is serious, and (ii) the verb used is a largely benefactive verb, or a verb of oral behaviour, or an instance of e cwu-ta that displays causative meaning.