중국 환경경제의 발전과정과 전망

Development Process and Prospects of Environmental Economy in China

환경경제학은 1960년대 이후 급속도로 발전한 경제학의 한 분야로서 현대경제학의 원리와 방법을 이용하여 환경문제를 연구하고 있다. 환경경제학은 환경과학과 경제학의 교차점으로, 경제적 지렛대를 최대한 활용하여 환경오염 문제를 해결하고, 환경 가치를 보다 구체적으로 만들고 환경가치를 생산 및 생활비용에 통합시켜 무료 사용 및 환경오염을차단하는 방법을 연구한다. 중국의 환경경제 발전은 지난 1970년대 중반 이후 중국이 개혁개방을 시작하면서 세계경제에 적극 편입되어 환경오염을 통제하기 시작하였다. 초기에는 건설업과 제지업이중심이었는데, 이 두 산업은 생산과정에서 많은 산업폐수를 발생시키고 폐수를 방류하여하천의 심각한 오염문제를 야기하여서 수질오염 관리사업을 진행하였다. 또한 사회적경제의 지속적인 발전과 함께 사람들의 환경의식도 향상되어 환경경제가 다양한 산업에 침투하게 되었다. 앞으로 전세계는 자연과학적인 방법으로 오염문제를 해결해야 할 뿐만 아니라 동시에개발과정에서 발생하는 제반 환경문제를 해결하기 위해 보다 완전한 방법을 사용해야 할것이다. 본 연구는 중국환경경제의 역사적 발전단계를 크게 세 단계로 나누어, 즉 환경정책의전무시기, 환경정책의 틀 구축 시기, 환경정책의 발전 시기로 나누어 살펴보고, 제Ⅳ장에서 중국 환경경제의 발전을 위한 요건과 발전규모 예측 및 미래 전망을 제시해 보고자한다.

Environmental economics was born in advanced Western countries, and in economic philosophical books, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels explained in depth the relationship between humans and nature and the impact of human activities on the natural environment and pointed out the economic source of environmental problems. In 1972, the United Nations Conference on Human Environment was held in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, and a landmark historical document was written to protect the global environment, officially under the slogan “There is only one Earth.” The United Nations Declaration on the Human Environment, adopted by all countries around the world, is an important milestone in the history of human environmental protection. The Stockholm Conference pointed out that environmental issues are not only technical but also important economic issues. In the future, we must not only solve pollution in natural scientific ways, but also use more complete methods to solve environmental problems that arise during development. From the 1970s to the early 21st century, the environmental economy developed rapidly in developed countries. China is currently facing an important bottleneck in sustainable economic and social development, with stronger resource constraints, severe environmental pollution, and worsening ecosystems. Meanwhile, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China suggested that socialism unique to China has entered a new era, and pointed out that major contradictions in Chinese society have turned into contradictions between rising demand for a better life and disproportionate and inadequate development. Thus, these major social contradictions presented new requirements for China’s future development. In 2015, the Chinese government emphasized the need to maintain and accelerate sustainable development by establishing basic national policies of resource conservation and environmental protection, including green development and cooperative development as five development concepts leading to future development. At the same time, it was announced that we should save resources and build an environmentally friendly society. Meanwhile, the 19th Five-Year Conference of the Communist Party of China presented a blueprint for the construction of a “beautiful China” and the development of a high-quality economic and social society in 2035 during the “14th Five-Year (2021~2025) Plan.” Specifically, it was announced that it should firmly maintain the direction of ecological priority and green development, actively promote social governance patterns of joint construction, joint governance, and sharing, and maintain nationwide action for beautiful Chinese construction. In fact, good ecological environment and economic policy are oriented in the same direction, and such high-quality economic development and high-level protection of the ecological environment will eventually lead to an upward march, making it a good start for the construction of a Chinese state. Marking the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 2019, China should review the harmonious development process of the Chinese environment and economy, seek ways to make good use of ecological environment policies, and promote harmonious development of the ecological environment and economy. In addition, it is necessary to take the path of production development, people’s lives are rich and ecological, form a new pattern of modernization on the harmonious development of humans and nature, and at the same time contribute greatly to the ecological safety of the Earth. This is because in order to prevent the collapse of the environmental crisis, human attitudes toward the natural environment must first be fundamentally changed, and hum